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Breton has known many ortographies, and Breton has been written since the 6th Century1). In the 20th century, several orthographies were produced to try encompass the regional variations an/or to create a universal spelling:
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id | symbol | latitude | longitude | description |
---|---|---|---|---|
Europe | ||||
1 | 48.25º | -3.79º | Brittany, France |
Breton is not covered under the Charter for Regional and Minority Languages as France has signed, but has not ratified the the Charter.
On April 8, 2021, the French National Assembly passed a bill Protection et promotion des langues régionales (Eng: protection and promotion of regional languages) by 247 votes in favour and 76 against. The approval has been described as 'historic', as it opens the door to implement language immersion through the medium of minoritised languages in public schools, as well as to allow for better funding of immersive, community-run private schools.4)5)6)
On May 21, 2021, the Constitutional Council of France concluded that the law for the protection and promotion of regional languages as partially unconstitutional. One of the two articles deemed inconstitutioanl, article 4, concerns immersive education. The report of the Constitutional Council states: “By providing that the teaching of a regional language can take the form of immersive teaching, article 4 of the referred law disregards article 2 of the Constitution. It is therefore contrary to the Constitution.”7) Article 2 of the Constitution states that French is the language of the Republic. The immersive bilingual Diwan school network has issued a statement shortly after: “From now on, we are in the legal, financial and operational unknown. However, with the ambiguity to our advantage, we will continue our mission as every day for 44 years, with determination.” 8)
14,710 children (corresponding to 2.4% of school children in Brittany) will be learning Breton 2012 and 2013, opposed to 5 children in 1985. Few learners reach a reasonable level of fluency. 9)
Since 1977, there is a bilingual school network, Diwan, which teaches by language immersion, and teaches Breton only in the first years of education. The Diwan schools do not receive state financial support. 10)
Read more about Breton language education in Mercator's Regional Dossier (2019).
Mercator's wiki on minority language education by Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning
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