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--- languages:ulster_scots_in_the_uk [2023/06/15 13:03] – [higher education] ydwine
+++ languages:ulster_scots_in_the_uk [2024/10/16 13:08] (current) – [Language vitality according to:] ydwine
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 ==== Language vitality according to: ====
-^  [[http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/|UNESCO]]  ^  [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sco/|Ethnologue]]  ^  [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/|Endangered Languages]]  ^  [[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ulst1239|Glottolog]]  ^
+^  [[https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/united-kingdom-great-britain-and-northern-ireland/languages/ulster-scots-0|UNESCO]]  ^  [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sco/|Ethnologue]]  ^  [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/|Endangered Languages]]  ^  [[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ulst1239|Glottolog]]  ^
-|  {{:endangerment:white.png:|Vulnerable}}  |  {{:endangerment:blue.png:|Developing}}  | //n/a//  |  //n.a.//  |
+|  {{:endangerment:orange.png:|Severely endangered}}  |  {{:endangerment:blue.png:|Stable}}  |  n/a  |  n/a  |
 ==== Linguistic aspects: =====
   * Classification: Indo-European → Germanic → North-Sea Germanic →  Anglo-Frisian → Anglic → Scots →  Mid Scots → Ulster Scots. For more information, see [[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ulst1239|ulst1239]] at [[http://glottolog.org/|Glottolog]]
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 ===== History of language education =====
-Ulster-Scots has been, until recent times, a stigmatised variety, and children were discouraged to use it at school, including punishment for using the language((The Ulster-Scots Language Society (n.d.). About us. //The Ulster-Scots Language Society//. [[http://www.ulsterscotslanguage.com/en/about-us/]].))((Visser, M. (ed.) & Hagan, L., 27 Feb 2020, 1st ed. Leeuwarden/Ljouwert: Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. 52 p. (Regional dossiers series)). It is in the [[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-belfast-agreement|Belfast Agreement of 1998]] that a need to support linguistic diversity was first articulated:  "All participants recognise the importance of respect, understanding and tolerance in relation to linguistic diversity, including in Northern Ireland, the Irish language, Ulster-Scots and the languages of the various ethnic communities, all of which are part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland." The process of devolvement through the successive agreements and acts that ended up with the establishment of the Northern Ireland Assembly have enabled Northern Ireland to take, among many other things, autonomous decisions regarding education and language policy. \\
+Ulster-Scots has been, until recent times, a stigmatised variety, and children were discouraged to use it at school, including punishment for using the language((The Ulster-Scots Language Society (n.d.). About us. //The Ulster-Scots Language Society//. [[http://www.ulsterscotslanguage.com/en/about-us/]].))((Hagan, L. & Visser, M. (Ed.) (2020). //Ulster-Scots: The Ulster-Scots language in education in Northern Ireland.// (1st ed.) (Regional dossiers series). Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/ulster_scots_in_northern_ireland.pdf]].)). It is in the [[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-belfast-agreement|Belfast Agreement of 1998]] that a need to support linguistic diversity was first articulated:  "All participants recognise the importance of respect, understanding and tolerance in relation to linguistic diversity, including in Northern Ireland, the Irish language, Ulster-Scots and the languages of the various ethnic communities, all of which are part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland." The process of devolvement through the successive agreements and acts that ended up with the establishment of the Northern Ireland Assembly have enabled Northern Ireland to take, among many other things, autonomous decisions regarding education and language policy. \\
 In 2001, the UK government ratified the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|European Charter for Regional and Minority languages]], and recognised Ulster-Scots under Part II. This has provided Ulster-Scots with a certain degree of protection. The singing of the [[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-st-andrews-agreement-october-2006|St. Andrews agreement of 2006]] (also known as the Northern Ireland Act of 2006), further confirmed this trend towards an expansion in the recognition and promotion of the language. In the agreement it is stated that "The Government firmly believes in the need to enhance and develop the Ulster Scots language, heritage and culture and will support the incoming Executive in taking this forward". In the same year, a website for schools was launched to help children learn the language((BBC NEWS, UK, Northern Ireland (2006, March 31). Ulster-Scots launch schools site. //BBC News//. [[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4862990.stm]].))
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     * quality Ulster-Scots language, heritage and culture research findings which are disseminated widely and impact positively on the future of Ulster Scots.
-As a result of the implementation of this Strategy, positive results are expected in the area of education((Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure. (2016). Strategy to Enhance and Develop the ULSTER-SCOTS Language, Heritage and Culture 2015 – 2035 One year on. Belfast: Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure. Retrieved from https://www.communities-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/dcal/The%20Ulster-Scots%20Strategy%20-%20one%20year%20on%20-%20March%202016_0.pdf)).
+However, the further development of the strategy has been delayed, as the Northern Ireland Executive collapesed in January 2017 and was absent until January 2020, due to disagreement on legislation for the Irish language ((Council of Europe. (2021). //Fifth Report submitted by the United Kingdom Pursuant to Article 25, paragraph 2 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities//. [[https://rm.coe.int/5th-sr-uk-en/1680a46ed7.]] It was expected that by the end of 2021, a (final) Ulster-Scots Language, Heritage and Culture strategy would be published, but this is still in development ((Council of Europe. (2021) //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Evaluation by the Committee of Experts: Evaluation of the Implementation of the Recommendations for Immediate Action contained in the Committee of Experts’ fifth evaluation report on the United Kingdom and Isle of Man.// [[https://rm.coe.int/ukevaliria5-en/1680a287e0]].))((Department for Communities (n.d.) //Development of an Irish Language Strategy and an Ulster-Scots Language, Heritage and Culture Strategy//. [[https://www.communities-ni.gov.uk/articles/development-irish-language-strategy-and-ulster-scots-language-heritage-and-culture-strategy]].)). The Comittee of Experts of the ECRML recommended the authorities to "adopt a strategy to promote Ulster Scots in education and other areas of public life" in their fifth report (2021)((Council of Europe. (2021) //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Evaluation by the Committee of Experts: Evaluation of the Implementation of the Recommendations for Immediate Action contained in the Committee of Experts’ fifth evaluation report on the United Kingdom and Isle of Man.// [[https://rm.coe.int/ukevaliria5-en/1680a287e0]].)).
-It was expected that by the end of 2021, another Ulster-Scots Language, Heritage and Culture strategy would be published, but this is still in development ((Council of Europe. (2021) //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Evaluation by the Committee of Experts: Evaluation of the Implementation of the Recommendations for Immediate Action contained in the Committee of Experts’ fifth evaluation report on the United Kingdom and Isle of Man.// [[https://rm.coe.int/ukevaliria5-en/1680a287e0]].))((Department for Communities (n.d.) //Development of an Irish Language Strategy and an Ulster-Scots Language, Heritage and Culture Strategy//. [[https://www.communities-ni.gov.uk/articles/development-irish-language-strategy-and-ulster-scots-language-heritage-and-culture-strategy]].)). The Comittee of Experts of the ECRML recommended the authorities to "adopt a strategy to promote Ulster Scots in education and other areas of public life" in their fifth report (2021)((Council of Europe. (2021) //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Evaluation by the Committee of Experts: Evaluation of the Implementation of the Recommendations for Immediate Action contained in the Committee of Experts’ fifth evaluation report on the United Kingdom and Isle of Man.// [[https://rm.coe.int/ukevaliria5-en/1680a287e0]].)).
 ===Department of Education language policy===
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 ==== Learning materials ====
-Learning materials for Ulster-Scots in primary education have been developed by the Ulster Scots Agency in collaboration with the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA): //Ulster-Scots for Primary School: Shared Language, Culture and Heritage//.  This is a program intended to revitalise the language, with the medium of instruction being English and the material available is for primary school (ages 6 to 11)((CCEA. (2016, May 10). Ulster-Scots for Primary Schools: Shared Language, Culture & Heritage [Text]. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from http://ccea.org.uk/curriculum/key_stage_1_2/connected_learning/ulster_scots)).
+Learning materials for Ulster-Scots in primary education have been developed by the Ulster Scots Agency in collaboration with the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA): //Ulster-Scots for Primary School: Shared Language, Culture and Heritage//.  This is a program intended to revitalise the language, with the medium of instruction being English and the material available is for primary school (ages 6 to 11)((Council for the Curriculum Examinations and Assessment. (2016, May 10). Ulster-Scots for Primary Schools: Shared Language, Culture & Heritage [Text]. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from http://ccea.org.uk/curriculum/key_stage_1_2/connected_learning/ulster_scots)).
 ===== Education in practice =====