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--- languages:udmurt_in_russia [2020/03/18 13:52] – [History of language education:] ydwine
+++ languages:udmurt_in_russia [2025/06/18 10:26] (current) – [Language vitality according to:] ydwine
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 ==== Language vitality according to: ====
-^ [[http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/|UNESCO]]               ^ [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/udm/|Ethnologue]]  ^ [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3010|Endangered Languages]]  ^
+^  [[https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/udmurt|UNESCO]]  ^  [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/udm/|Ethnologue]]  ^  [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3010|Endangered Languages]]  ^  [[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/udmu1245|Glottolog]]  ^
-| {{ :endangerment:yellow.png?nolink | Definitively endangered}}  | {{ :endangerment:blue.png?nolink | Developing}}          | {{ :endangerment:yellow.png?nolink | Threatened}}                       |
+|  {{:endangerment:orange.png?nolink|Definitively endangered}}  |  {{:endangerment:red.png?nolink|Endangered}}  |  {{:endangerment:yellow.png?nolink|Threatened}}  |  {{:endangerment:orange.png?nolink|Shifting}}  |
+<sup> Click [[manual:colour_codes|here]] for a full overview of the language vitality colour codes. </sup>
 ==== Linguistic aspects: =====
   * Classification: //Uralic// → //Permian//. For more information, see [[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/udmu1245|udmu1245]] at [[http://glottolog.org/|Glottolog]]
@@ Line 54: / Line 55: @@
 ==== History of language education: ====
-In the 1920's and 1930's, an increase in Udmurt national consciousness led to the foundation of several Udmurt schools. However, in the following years, these early efforts to establish Udmurt-language education were crushed during the late 1930s, as the main leaders of the fledgling Udmurt national movement were eradicated in the Stalinist purges ((Holland, A., //Trends in Soviet and Post-Soviet Udmurt cultural memory//. Vestnik: The Journal of Russian and Asian Studies, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.sras.org/udmurt_cultural_memory)). In the first years after World War II, translations of schoolbooks to Udmurt were still attested, but from the 1960s, Udmurt-language teaching materials ceased to be produced ((Nikitina, G. A., //Qui est responsable de la préservation des langues mioritaires: le cas de la langue Oudmourte.// Études Finno-Ougriennes; 2013, 45, pp. 1-14.)). This absence of the Udmurt language in education persisted for several decades, until the fall of the Soviet Union. The main mark of a school's success became the pupils' knowledge attained through the medium of the Russian language. From the 1990s onwards, this attitude changed slightly. Russian legislation provided for a three-tier curriculum, which divided the subjects in a mandatory federal part, a national-regional part mandated by the federal subjects, and a variable part which can be filled in by individual schools ((Васильева, Г. Н., //Национально-региональный компонент в стандарте образования Удмуртской Республики: опыт и проблемы//. Эмиссия, 2006. Retrieved from http://emissia.org/offline/2006/1082.htm)). This national-regional part of the curriculum allowed more room for both the Udmurt government and individual schools to reintroduce education in the Udmurt language and culture in so-called national schools ((Protassova, E., Alòs i Font, H., & Bulatova, E., //Education in Udmurt and Chuvash as minority languages of Russia//. InterDisciplines; 2014, 5(2), pp.1-33.)). However, a federal education reform in 2007 abolished the national-regional part of the curriculum, which greatly reduced the opportunities regional governments had to implement education in Udmurt ((Zamyatin, K., //Finno-Ugric languages in Russian education: The changing legal-institutional framework and falling access to native language learning//. Études Finno-Ougriennes, 2012, 44, pp. 1-57)). The [[general_information:russian_legislation#Developments 2018|developments of 2018]] made that Udmurt education could no longer be set as a mandatory subject. This led to protest with an open letter and the self-immolation of Udmurt language activist Albert Razin on September 10, 2019 ((Radio Free Europe: Radio Liberty. (2019, October 8). //Dying To Keep A Language Alive: Scholar's Suicide Shakes Udmurtia.// Retrieved from: [[https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-udmurtia-language-protest/30206046.html]].)) ((Aitkhozhina, D. (2019, September 12). //Self-Immolation Highlights Controversy over Cultural Rights in Russia: A national debate on minority cultural rights is the backdrop to the death of an academic in the Russian republic of Udmurtia.// Retrieved from: [[https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/12/self-immolation-highlights-controversy-over-cultural-rights-russia]].)).
+In the 1920's and 1930's, an increase in Udmurt national consciousness led to the foundation of several Udmurt schools. However, in the following years, these early efforts to establish Udmurt-language education were crushed during the late 1930s, as the main leaders of the fledgling Udmurt national movement were eradicated in the Stalinist purges ((Holland, A., //Trends in Soviet and Post-Soviet Udmurt cultural memory//. Vestnik: The Journal of Russian and Asian Studies, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.sras.org/udmurt_cultural_memory)). In the first years after World War II, translations of schoolbooks to Udmurt were still attested, but from the 1960s, Udmurt-language teaching materials ceased to be produced ((Nikitina, G. A., //Qui est responsable de la préservation des langues mioritaires: le cas de la langue Oudmourte.// Études Finno-Ougriennes; 2013, 45, pp. 1-14.)). This absence of the Udmurt language in education persisted for several decades, until the fall of the Soviet Union. The main mark of a school's success became the pupils' knowledge attained through the medium of the Russian language. From the 1990s onwards, this attitude changed slightly. Russian legislation provided for a three-tier curriculum, which divided the subjects in a mandatory federal part, a national-regional part mandated by the federal subjects, and a variable part which can be filled in by individual schools ((Васильева, Г. Н., //Национально-региональный компонент в стандарте образования Удмуртской Республики: опыт и проблемы//. Эмиссия, 2006. Retrieved from http://emissia.org/offline/2006/1082.htm)). This national-regional part of the curriculum allowed more room for both the Udmurt government and individual schools to reintroduce education in the Udmurt language and culture in so-called national schools ((Protassova, E., Alòs i Font, H., & Bulatova, E., //Education in Udmurt and Chuvash as minority languages of Russia//. InterDisciplines; 2014, 5(2), pp.1-33.)). However, a federal education [[general_information:russian_legislation#Amendment 2007|reform in 2007]] abolished the national-regional part of the curriculum, which greatly reduced the opportunities regional governments had to implement education in Udmurt ((Zamyatin, K., //Finno-Ugric languages in Russian education: The changing legal-institutional framework and falling access to native language learning//. Études Finno-Ougriennes, 2012, 44, pp. 1-57)). The [[general_information:russian_legislation#Developments 2018|developments of 2018]] made that Udmurt education could no longer be set as a mandatory subject. This led to protest with an open letter and the self-immolation of Udmurt language activist Albert Razin on September 10, 2019 ((Radio Free Europe: Radio Liberty. (2019, October 8). //Dying To Keep A Language Alive: Scholar's Suicide Shakes Udmurtia.// Retrieved from: [[https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-udmurtia-language-protest/30206046.html]].)) ((Aitkhozhina, D. (2019, September 12). //Self-Immolation Highlights Controversy over Cultural Rights in Russia: A national debate on minority cultural rights is the backdrop to the death of an academic in the Russian republic of Udmurtia.// Retrieved from: [[https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/12/self-immolation-highlights-controversy-over-cultural-rights-russia]].)).
 ==== Legislation of language education ====
@@ Line 131: / Line 132: @@
 === Online learning resources ===
-[[http://udmurt.info/udmurt/courses.htm|Удмуртология]] - Russian-language website where you can take several Udmurt courses.
+  * [[http://udmurt.info/udmurt/courses.htm|Удмуртология]] - Russian-language website where you can take several Udmurt courses.
+  * [[https://vk.com/udmurteveryday|Удмуртский каждый день]] - Social media group on which pictures with phrases in Udmurt and Russian are posted, in order to teach basic Udmurt to non-speakers.
+  * [[https://www.memrise.com/|Memrise]] - Language learning site, offering a course on Udmurt-English vocabulary (1841 words)
+  * [[https://glosbe.com/en/udm|Glosbe]] - Community-moderated online dictionary.
+  * [[https://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/udmurt.htm|Omniglot]] - numbers
-[[https://vk.com/udmurteveryday|Удмуртский каждый день]] - Social media group on which pictures with phrases in Udmurt and Russian are posted, in order to teach basic Udmurt to non-speakers.
-[[https://www.memrise.com/|Memrise]] - Language learning site, offering a course on Udmurt-English vocabulary (1841 words)
-[[https://glosbe.com/en/udm|Glosbe]] Community-moderated online dictionary.