languages:saterfrisian_in_germany
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languages:saterfrisian_in_germany [2017/12/14 06:58] – [Legislation of language education] aylin_bedir | languages:saterfrisian_in_germany [2023/06/26 15:58] (current) – [Secondary education] ydwine | ||
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==== Language designations: | ==== Language designations: | ||
- | * In the language itself: Saterfriesisch, | + | * In the language itself: Saterfriesisch |
- | * [[general_information: | + | * [[general_information: |
==== Language vitality according to: ==== | ==== Language vitality according to: ==== | ||
- | ^ [[http:// | + | ^ [[http:// |
- | | {{ : | + | | {{: |
==== Linguistic aspects: ===== | ==== Linguistic aspects: ===== | ||
- | * Classification: | + | * Classification: |
* Script: Latin | * Script: Latin | ||
- | ==== Language | + | ==== Language |
- | The American linguist | + | Two linguists stand out in the language standardisation of Sater Frisian, namely, Pyt Kramer and Marron Fort. West-Frisian Pyt Kramer has developed |
+ | In the period of 2021-2023, [[[[languages: | ||
+ | ===== Demographics ===== | ||
+ | ==== Language Area ==== | ||
+ | Sater Frisian or // | ||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | Saterland lay quite isolated, as it was surrounded by boggy moorland, and could only be reached via boat or in a dry spell up unto the start of the 19th century.((Peters, | ||
+ | Sater Frisian is one of the three Frisian languages alongside West Frisian and North Frisian. Sater Frisian is the only variety of East Frisian alive today. ((Heeringa, W. et. al (2015), // | ||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | <sub> The map shows the areas where West Frisian (dark blue), East Frisian (light blue) and North Frisian (blue) are spoken ((ArnoldPlaton. (2013) //Frisian languages in Europe.svg// | ||
- | ===== Demographics ===== | ||
- | ==== Language Area ==== | ||
- | Saterfrisian or Seeltersk as it is called by its speakers is nowadays only spoken in three small villages near Cloppenburg in Lower Saxony: | ||
- | However, it is now recognised as a minority language. The three main villages where it is spoken have mutually intelligible dialects. ((World Heritage Encyclopedia, | ||
+ | ==== Speaker numbers ==== | ||
- | {{https://www.mercator-research.eu/wiki/_media/languages: | + | Estimates of speaker numbers vary between a 1000 and 2000, with some as high as 5000 (worldwide).((Moseley, |
- | The map shows the location | + | Sater Frisian has lost ground as a family language in favour |
- | ==== Speaker numbers ==== | + | |
- | Stellmacher (1998) conducted a study with his students in 1995, where they only asked a selected number of people to participate in their study to find out about the Sater Frisian language situation. Of the approx. 12.000 citizens of the Saterland, they excluded immigrants, people with a secondary residence in the Saterland region and children under 14. In the end, 10% of the remaining 8.334 citizens were then interviewed. The results showed that 4.058 people claimed that they understand Saterfrisian. The younger the citizen the smaller the knowledge of the language. The numbers of speakers vary from village to village. All in all, the number of active speakers is around 2.250 which is almost as high as 100 years ago (2.500) so people are encouraged to save the language since it stayed with the people for so long. ((Fort, Marron (2001), //Reviewed Work: Das Saterland und das Saterländische by Dieter Stellmacher// | ||
---- | ---- | ||
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===== History of language education: ===== | ===== History of language education: ===== | ||
- | The Saterland is known as the smallest "language | + | In 1800 already, the use of Sater Frisian in education was advocated for (instead of High German) by Johann Hoche, |
- | In 1996 it was reported that Sater Frisian was neither the language used for administration nor in church. Only two hours a week were offered for teaching | + | |
+ | In 1994, the Seelter Buund initiated the project | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sater Frisian was not present at all in primary schools in 1988, although people would have supported it. ((Martinen, Hark et. al, (1988) //The North Frisian Language in Primary Education in North Frisia, Federal Republic of Germany: Die Nordfriesische Sprache im Unterricht Der Grundschulen in Nordfriesland// | ||
+ | |||
+ | In pre-schools, | ||
- | The presence of Sater Frisian in the school system is still not very widespread. In 2010 the Saterland introduced the model project "Das Saterland als Modellregion für frühe Mehrsprachigkeit" | ||
- | Dr Marron Fort is one of the researchers who is helping to maintain Sater Frisian significantly. He came to Germany in 1965 and fell in love with the language. He decided to stay in Germany and has since helped considerably in reviving Sater Frisian. Moreover, he has translated the New Testament into Sater Frisian and created the Sater Frisian Dictionary. This laid the foundation for more Sater Frisian literature. ((Dein Niedersachsen (2017) // | ||
- | According to the [[general_information: | ||
===== Legislation of language education ===== | ===== Legislation of language education ===== | ||
- | The language is protected by the European | + | ==== Legislation on European |
- | In the [[general_information: | + | |
- | * Sater Frisian | + | === European Charter for Regional or Minority languages === |
- | | + | \\ |
- | * in comparison to the 4th report, the Land authorities do not see the need to have Sater Frisian taught in pre-primary | + | Sater Frisian is covered by the [[general_information: |
- | | + | * 1.aiv: favour/ |
- | * a course | + | * 1.eii: provide facilities for the study at tertiary level; |
- | * 2011 a teaching | + | * 1.fiii: favour/ |
- | * there is a need for a policy which encourages more schools | + | * 1.g: ensure |
- | ((European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, //Application | + | * 1.i: set up a supervisory body |
+ | |||
+ | In the 2022 report, the Committee of Experts considered a few undertakings had deteriorated, | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities === | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | Germany has [[general_information: | ||
+ | the national minorities | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the 2022 opinion, the Advisory Committee of the Framework Convention encouraged " the authorities to further expand the offer of Sater Frisian | ||
+ | care centres, schools and at university" | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Legislation on national level === | ||
+ | |||
+ | In Germany, four national minorities are recognised: the Frisians, the Danes, the German | ||
+ | |||
+ | The German school system is governed by the federal principles | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Legislation on Local Level==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | === Lower Saxony School Act === | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 1998, Lower Saxony adopted the // | ||
+ | |||
+ | === The Region and its Languages in Education === | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2011, Lower Saxony adopted the // | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2021, the //Seelter Buund// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===The Region and the Languages Low German and Sater Frisian in Education=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2019, Lower Saxony adopted the //[[http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2021, the //Seelter Buund// expressed to the Comittee of Experts | ||
===== Institutional support for education of the language: ===== | ===== Institutional support for education of the language: ===== | ||
- | Before the teacher training started to be financially supported in 2010, the Saterland Association called "Seelter Buund" tried to incorporate Sater Frisian in (pre-)primary schools. This was mostly done by voluntary workers. They have been offering courses for adults as well. | + | ===Institutional support=== |
- | Since 2010 the focus was shifted to developing teaching materials and training teachers. Furthermore, | + | The [[languages: |
+ | The [[languages: | ||
+ | The Federal Ministry of the Interior has established the // | ||
+ | ===Projects=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2010, a project //Seeltersk an do Skoulen in Seelterlound// | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the period 2010/2012 to 2019, the model project // | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Language Learning materials === | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2015 and 2016, the learning materials //Die Seelterfoaks – dät Bouk // (Eng: The Sater Frisian fox -the book; 2015) and //Seeltersk säikedät Säärm-moak-Bouk// | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2019/2020, a CD was produced, //Sjung mäd uus// (Sing with us), with Sater Frisian children' | ||
+ | |||
+ | In June 2022, the learning method // | ||
+ | |||
+ | To use learning materials at schools, they have to be approved by the // | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Teacher support === | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since 2009, students in teacher training at the University of Oldenburg can take courses on Sater Frisian, as part of the Low-German specialisation. ((Council of Europe (2014). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Application of the Charter in Germany, 5th Monitoring Cycle//. [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Connected to the project [[languages: | ||
+ | |||
+ | For Sater Frisian, ECRML Article 8.1h, that is 'to provide the basic and further training of the teachers [...]' has not been ratified. Nonetheless, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Financial support=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Seelter Buund receives around €2000 per year from the municipality of Saterland. The Seelter Buund is also responsible for the compensations for the people teaching Sater Frisian at pre-primary schools (the Seelter Buund can declare these costs at the municipalty since 2021). ((Seelter Buund (n.d.) //Über den Seelter Buund// [About the Seelter Buund]. [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Lower Saxony Ministry for Science and Culture provides funding for [[languages: | ||
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===== Education presence ===== | ===== Education presence ===== | ||
- | So far there are only two so-called Sater Frisian schools. Until now, the schools can decide themselves which subjects they want to teach in Sater Frisian. The // | + | ==== Pre-school education |
- | In primary schools, it is part of the mandatory subjects whereas in secondary | + | |
- | There is no research done yet on how successful the project is. ((Niedersächsisches Kultusministerium (2014), // | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | ===== Online learning resources ===== | + | Since 1994, the Seelter Buund has started a project //Seeltersk in dän Bäidenstuun// |
- | [[https:// | + | There are several // |
+ | * Pusteblume in // | ||
+ | * Unterm Regenbogen in // | ||
+ | * St. Jakobus-Bäidenstuun in //Roomelse//, Ramsloh ((NWZ Online (2014, May 14). Kleine Saterfriesen fertigen Blumenkränze und Flöten [Little Sater Frisians make wreaths of flowers and flutes]. //NWZ Online//. [[https:// | ||
+ | * St. Marien in // | ||
+ | * St. Georg in // | ||
- | [[http://seelter.16mb.com/|A collection of Sater Frisian text and general information]] | + | The new (2021) kindergarten // |
- | [[http://www.saterland.de/portal/ | + | In the 2022 report, the Committee of Experts considered pre-school education in Sater Frisian "not sufficient to represent at least a substantial part of |
+ | education in this language" | ||
+ | ==== Primary education ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since 1996, Sater Frisian is included on a voluntary base in primary schools of the municipalty Saterland, and schools can spend 265 hours per school year for teaching (about) the minority language ((Wikiwand. (2022, July 25). //Seeltersk an do Skoulen// [Sater Frisian in school]. [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | The primary schools that offer Sater Frisian are((Evers, J., & Schramm, K-P. (2021). //Comments by the Seelter Buund (Sater Frisians) on the Seventh Report of the Federal Republic of Germany on the Implementation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | === activity groups=== | ||
+ | On a voluntary basis (legal permission of the pupil' | ||
+ | |||
+ | === immersion lessons === | ||
+ | On a voluntary basis (legal permission of the pupil' | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===projects === | ||
+ | Sater Frisian is also included and/or taught in school projects, activities or events, such as: | ||
+ | * [[languages: | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //Fräindai is Seelterdai// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since April 2023, all doors in the Litje Skoule show monolingual Sater Frisian inscriptions ((Seeltersk (2023, April 17). Saterfriesische Beschriftungen in der Litje Skoule Skäddel [Sater Frisian inscriptions in the Litje Skoule Skäddel] // | ||
+ | ===Seelterfräiske Skoule=== | ||
+ | The two primary schools Litje Skoule and Marienschule have a certifite as // | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Secondary education ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sater Frisian can be taken as optional subject or in immersion, on a voluntary base, in secondary schools.((Die | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ==== higher education/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | At the [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Occasionaly, | ||
+ | ==== Adult education ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Seelter Buund, in collaboration with Seeltersk Kontoor, organises beginner and advanced Sater Frisian courses. In 2023, these courses without a participation fee, as the Lower Saxony Ministry for Science and Culture provides the funding ((Seeltersk (2023, February 16). Saterfriesischkurse im Jahr 2023 ausgebucht [Saterland Frisian courses fully booked in 2023]. // | ||
+ | |||
+ | A Sater Frisian course is also offered at the //Folks Volkshochschule für die Stadt und den Kreis Leer e.V// (Eng: adult education centre for the region of Leer) ((VHS Leer (n.d.). Saterfriesisch - Fortsetzung [Sater Frisian - continuation]. //VHS Leer.// | ||
---- | ---- | ||
+ | ===== Learning resources ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Organisations ==== | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Online resources ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Linguistics, | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Learning materials=== | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Other=== | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | | ||
- | ====== Mercator' | ||
- | - | ||
languages/saterfrisian_in_germany.txt · Last modified: 2023/06/26 15:58 by ydwine