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--- languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2023/06/29 12:37] – [Education presence] ydwine
+++ languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2023/06/29 12:41] (current) – [Local policy] ydwine
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 ===language attitudes in school===
-In 1973, the //Kerkradeproject// (Eng: Kerkrade project) was initiated, in reaction to a study done in Kerkrade, in which schools connected negative school results to speaking Limburgish((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). The project found in the research phase, that Limburgish speaking pupils, as opposed to Standard Dutch speaking pupils, were linked to negative results and given lower school advice for secondary education, which stemmed from teachers' negative language attitudes towards Limburgish, rather than the abilities of the Limburgish speaking pupils. This lead the project to develop proposals for change and teaching materials in order to promote language awareness and improve language attittudes towards Limburgish, and to look for ways to use Limburgish in the classroom. This resulted, relatively to the scale of the project, to more positive attitudes towards Limburgish in the classroom by teachers and educational staff, and less to no difference in school results and school advice for secondary education between standard Dutch and Limburgish speakers((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)).
+In 1973, the //Kerkradeproject// (Eng: Kerkrade project) was initiated, in reaction to a study done in Kerkrade, in which schools connected negative school results to speaking Limburgish((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). The project found in the research phase, that Limburgish speaking pupils, as opposed to Standard Dutch speaking pupils, were linked to negative results and given lower school advice for secondary education, which stemmed from teachers' negative language attitudes towards Limburgish, rather than the abilities of the Limburgish speaking pupils. This lead the project to develop proposals for change and teaching materials in order to promote language awareness and improve language attitudes towards Limburgish, and to look for ways to use Limburgish in the classroom. This resulted, relatively to the scale of the project, to more positive attitudes towards Limburgish in the classroom by teachers and educational staff, and less to no difference in school results and school advice for secondary education between standard Dutch and Limburgish speakers((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)).
-In the same period as the Kerkradeproject, a study looked into the school results of standard Dutch and Limburgish speaking pupils in Gennep, which showed that there were no significant differences in test results, though, together with the results of a follow-up tudy in 1980, it can be concluded that teachers, due to more negative language attitudes towards Limburgish, judge the school performances of standard Dutch speaking pupils to be higher than the Limburgish speaking pupils((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)).
+In the same period as the Kerkradeproject, a study looked into the school results of standard Dutch and Limburgish speaking pupils in Gennep, which showed that there were no significant differences in test results, though, together with the results of a follow-up study in 1980, it can be concluded that teachers, due to more negative language attitudes towards Limburgish, judge the school performances of standard Dutch speaking pupils to be higher than the Limburgish speaking pupils((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)).
 Fifteen years later, a study looked into the effects of the Kerkradeproject, and how much Limburgish was (still) used in the classroom((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). The results showed that within the classroom, in the formal setting, teachers and educational staff used and tolerated Limburgish less than during the Kerkradeproject, though positive language attitudes remained, and the majority allowed the language outside of the classroom or in a informal settings (e.g. school yard)((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)).
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   * the communicative function of Limburgish
-Though the Nederlandse Taalunie (Language Union) gave a negative advice to recognise Limburgish, the Ministry of the Interior adopted this recommendation from the working group in Februari 1997, and so, in March 1997 Limburg was recognised under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|part II]] ((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d.). Erkenning als streektaal [ENg: recognition as regional language]((https://www.veldeke.net/taal/erkenning-als-streektaal/]].))((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].))((Council of Europe. (2023, June 20). Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ETS No. 148). [[https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/concerning-a-given-treaty?module=declarations-by-treaty&territoires=&codeNature=0&codePays=&numSte=148&enVigueur=true&ddateDebut=05-05-1949]].))
+Though the Nederlandse Taalunie (Language Union) gave a negative advice to recognise Limburgish, the Ministry of the Interior adopted this recommendation from the working group in February 1997, and so, in March 1997 Limburg was recognised under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|part II]] ((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d.). Erkenning als streektaal [ENg: recognition as regional language]((https://www.veldeke.net/taal/erkenning-als-streektaal/]].))((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].))((Council of Europe. (2023, June 20). Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ETS No. 148). [[https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/concerning-a-given-treaty?module=declarations-by-treaty&territoires=&codeNature=0&codePays=&numSte=148&enVigueur=true&ddateDebut=05-05-1949]].))
 This facilitates its promotion across different layers of society such as education, with article 7 paragraphs:
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   * h) the promotion of study and research on regional or minority languages at universities or equivalent institutions;
-The secretary-general of the Nederlandse Taalunie stated in 1999, that the recognitionof Limburgish was a "unfortunate decision"((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)).
+The secretary-general of the Nederlandse Taalunie stated in 1999, that the recognition of Limburgish was a "unfortunate decision"((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)).
 In April 2023, an open letter written by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Hoes veur ’t Limburgs]] was sent to the provincial government of Limburg with the call to recognise Limburgish under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|part III]], before December 2024 ((Hoes veur ’t Limburgs. (2023, April 21). Open brief Limburgse taal [Eng: open letter about Limburgish language. [[http://www.eblt.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Open-Brief-aan-het-Limburgs-Parlement.pdf]].)).
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 ===Covenant on Limburgish language ===
-In 2019, The Dutch government recognised Limburgish as "as an essential, fully-fledged and independent regional language in the Netherlands" in the [[https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stcrt-2019-64467.html|Convenant inzake de Nederlandse erkenning van de Limburgse taal]] [Eng: Covenant on the Dutch recognition of the Limburgish language] ((Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties. (2019, November 27). //Convenant inzake de Nederlandse erkenning van de Limburgse taal// [Eng: Covenant on the Dutch recognition of the Limburgish language]. Koninkrijksrelaties Staatscourant 2019, 64467. [[https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stcrt-2019-64467.html]].)). The recognition includes that the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations and the provincial government of Limburg "will, insofar as they are able, make every effort and work together to maintain Limburgish as a regional language in the Netherlands, to promote its use and to promote the position of Limburgish, without the creation of new laws and regulations." Both parties will make agreements on the implemention of the covenant.
+In 2019, The Dutch government recognised Limburgish as "as an essential, fully-fledged and independent regional language in the Netherlands" in the [[https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stcrt-2019-64467.html|Convenant inzake de Nederlandse erkenning van de Limburgse taal]] [Eng: Covenant on the Dutch recognition of the Limburgish language] ((Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties. (2019, November 27). //Convenant inzake de Nederlandse erkenning van de Limburgse taal// [Eng: Covenant on the Dutch recognition of the Limburgish language]. Koninkrijksrelaties Staatscourant 2019, 64467. [[https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stcrt-2019-64467.html]].)). The recognition includes that the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations and the provincial government of Limburg "will, insofar as they are able, make every effort and work together to maintain Limburgish as a regional language in the Netherlands, to promote its use and to promote the position of Limburgish, without the creation of new laws and regulations." Both parties will make agreements on the implementation of the covenant.
-The preamble (re)confirms that, by national law, Limburgs is allowed as medium of instruction at kindergarten and primary education, and Limburgs can be taught in addition to the curriculum at secondary education.
+The preamble (re)confirms that, by national law, Limburgish is allowed as medium of instruction at kindergarten and primary education, and Limburgish can be taught in addition to the curriculum at secondary education.
 In April 2023, an open letter written by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Hoes veur ’t Limburgs]] was sent to the provincial government of Limburg with the call to include the following in the subsequent covenant, which the two governments are discussing and developing in 2023((Hoes veur ’t Limburgs. (2023, April 21). Open brief Limburgse taal [Eng: open letter about Limburgish language. [[http://www.eblt.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Open-Brief-aan-het-Limburgs-Parlement.pdf]].)):
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 In October 2015, several Limburgish language [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|organisations]] plead for a better position and use of Limburgish in education, especially in pre-school education, in the vision document "Sjiek is mich dat!" (Eng: that's neat!) ((Cornips, L. et al.. (2015, October 12). //Sjiek is mich dat!: Visie op taal als erfgoed// [Eng: That's neat! Vision on language as heritage]. [[https://leoniecornips.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/visie_sjiek-is-miech-dat-visie-op-taal-als-erfgoed-12-10-15.pdf]].))((Cornips, L. (2018, July 23). //“Kind moet over op het ‘plat’”// (Eng: child has to switch to vernacular). Neerlandistiek. [[https://neerlandistiek.nl/2018/07/kind-moet-over-op-het-plat/]].)).
-In November 2017, the provincial government of Limburg pledged to develop language policy for Limburgish, which came in the form of the framework policy document [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/KadernotaStreektaalbeleid.pdf|’n Laeve lank Limburgs]] (ENg: a life long Limburgish), presented in June 2018. The three main points are: language promotion, language transition and language infrastructure.
+In November 2017, the provincial government of Limburg pledged to develop language policy for Limburgish, which came in the form of the framework policy document [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/KadernotaStreektaalbeleid.pdf|’n Laeve lank Limburgs]] (Eng: a life long Limburgish), presented in June 2018. The three main points are: language promotion, language transition and language infrastructure.
-For education, //'n Laeve lank Limburgs// states to increase language transition in education, and raise the level of knowledge about multilingualism. Especially in pre-school education, children should be supported, not discouraged to use and develop their Limburgish language skills. The aim is to use Limburgish as medium of instruction more often, and to increase the presence of Limburgish in all educational levels((Provincie Limburg. (2018,June 28). //'n Laeve lank Limburgs// [Eng:a life long Limburgish]. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/KadernotaStreektaalbeleid.pdf]].)). The plans to increase the use of Limburgs as medium of instruction were tested at locations of day care centre Spelenderwijs in 2019 ((Klomp, C. (2018 July 19). Provincie: spreek Limburgs op peuterspeelzalen. [Eng: Province: speak Limburgish at childcare centres]. // De Gelderlander. //[[https://www.gelderlander.nl/binnenland/provincie-spreek-limburgs-op-peuterspeelzalen~a821d896/]].)). Media, community and organisations reacted to the framework policy document, and in Januari 2019, the framework policy document, including reactions, comments and recommendations, was presented to be discussed by the provincial states ((Cornips, L. (2018, July 23). //“Kind moet over op het ‘plat’”// (Eng: child has to switch to vernacular). Neerlandistiek. [[https://neerlandistiek.nl/2018/07/kind-moet-over-op-het-plat/]].))((Veldeke Limburg (n.d.). //’n Laeve lank Limburgs// [ENg: a life long Limburgish]. Retrieved June 21, 2023, from [[https://www.veldeke.net/n-laeve-lank-limburgs/]].))((Koopmans, G.P.J. (2019, Januari  22). //Mededeling portefeuillehouder inzake streektaal// [Eng: announcement to councillor concerning regional language]. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Mededeling-Portefeuillehouder-inzake-streektaal_-brief-gedeputeerde-Koopmans-van-22-1-2019-GS-2019-4415-1.pdf.]].)).
+For education, //'n Laeve lank Limburgs// states to increase language transition in education, and raise the level of knowledge about multilingualism. Especially in pre-school education, children should be supported, not discouraged to use and develop their Limburgish language skills. The aim is to use Limburgish as medium of instruction more often, and to increase the presence of Limburgish in all educational levels((Provincie Limburg. (2018,June 28). //'n Laeve lank Limburgs// [Eng:a life long Limburgish]. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/KadernotaStreektaalbeleid.pdf]].)). The plans to increase the use of Limburgish as medium of instruction were tested at locations of day care centre Spelenderwijs in 2019 ((Klomp, C. (2018 July 19). Provincie: spreek Limburgs op peuterspeelzalen. [Eng: Province: speak Limburgish at childcare centres]. // De Gelderlander. //[[https://www.gelderlander.nl/binnenland/provincie-spreek-limburgs-op-peuterspeelzalen~a821d896/]].)). Media, community and organisations reacted to the framework policy document, and in January 2019, the framework policy document, including reactions, comments and recommendations, was presented to be discussed by the provincial states ((Cornips, L. (2018, July 23). //“Kind moet over op het ‘plat’”// (Eng: child has to switch to vernacular). Neerlandistiek. [[https://neerlandistiek.nl/2018/07/kind-moet-over-op-het-plat/]].))((Veldeke Limburg (n.d.). //’n Laeve lank Limburgs// [ENg: a life long Limburgish]. Retrieved June 21, 2023, from [[https://www.veldeke.net/n-laeve-lank-limburgs/]].))((Koopmans, G.P.J. (2019, Januari  22). //Mededeling portefeuillehouder inzake streektaal// [Eng: announcement to councillor concerning regional language]. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Mededeling-Portefeuillehouder-inzake-streektaal_-brief-gedeputeerde-Koopmans-van-22-1-2019-GS-2019-4415-1.pdf.]].)).
 In the policy document //Erfgoed 2022-2023// (Eng: Heritage 2022-2023), there is a section on Limburgish, and a budget of €95000 for language per year, but no concrete measures for education are mentioned ((Provincie Limburg. //De kracht van erfgoed: Beleidsbrief Erfgoed 2022 – 2023// (Eng: The power of heritage: Policy Document Heritage 2022-2023)).
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     * [[http://www.veldeke.net/lb/veldeke-krink-heele-umstrieeke/|Veldeke Krink Heële]] (Nl: Heerlen)
     * [[https://www.veldekemestreech.nl/|Veldeke Mestreechs]] (Nl: Maastricht)
-  * [[https://hklimburg.nl/netwerk/raod-veur-t-limburgs|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: the Limburgish council) \\ Advisory comittee for the Provincial Executive of the province of Limburg.
+  * [[https://hklimburg.nl/netwerk/raod-veur-t-limburgs|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: the Limburgish council) \\ Advisory committee for the Provincial Executive of the province of Limburg.
   * [[https://hklimburg.nl/|Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg]] (Eng: House for the arts Limburg) is an advisory organisation and knowledge centre, with the aim to support arts and heritage in Limburg. The organisation advices the provincial government of Limburg on all subsidy applications concerning language.
   * [[https://levendetalen.nl/talensecties/limburgs/|Levende Talen Limburgs]] (Eng: Teachers of Living Languages)\\ Teacher organisation which supports Limburgish in education (and other environments). It is a section of the larger educational organisation Levende Talen.