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--- languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2023/06/28 15:24] – [Education presence] ydwine
+++ languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2023/06/29 12:41] (current) – [Local policy] ydwine
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
   * Classification: Indo-European → Germanic → West-Germanic → High German → Middle German → Middle Franconian → Ripuarian → Limburgish. For more information, see //limb1263// at [[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/limb1263|Glottolog]]
   * Script: Latin
-==== Language standardization ====
+==== Language standardisation ====
-There have been several different orthographies for Limburgish. [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Veldeke Limburg]] has published the first official Veldeke-spelling (orhography) for Limburgish in 1952. The second orthography followed in 1983. However, in 2003, [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Linguistics, grammars, dictionaries|Spelling 2003 voor de Limburgse dialecten]] (Eng: Spelling 2003 for the Limburgish dialects) was published and officially accepted by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]]. This document has guidelines for the orthography of all Limburgish dialects, and also serves as a base for the online dictionary [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Linguistics, grammars, dictionaries|D’n Dictionair]] (2016)((Pierre Bakkes, Herman Crompvoets, Jan Notten and Frans Walraven. (2003). //Spelling 2003 voor Limburgse dialecten//. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/download/spelling2003.pdf]]))((Limburgse Academie. (n.d.). Limburgse woordenboeken. //Limburgse Academie.// [[https://limburgs.org/nl/woordenboek/]].)).
+There have been several different orthographies for Limburgish (varieties). [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Veldeke Limburg]] has published the first official Veldeke-spelling for Limburgish in 1952, with a second following in 1983. In 2003, [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Linguistics, grammars, dictionaries|Spelling 2003 voor de Limburgse dialecten]] (Eng: Spelling 2003 for the Limburgish dialects) was published and officially accepted by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]]. This document has guidelines for the spelling of all Limburgish dialects, and also serves as a base for the online dictionary [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Linguistics, grammars, dictionaries|D’n Dictionair]] (2016)((Pierre Bakkes, Herman Crompvoets, Jan Notten and Frans Walraven. (2003). //Spelling 2003 voor Limburgse dialecten//. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/download/spelling2003.pdf]]))((Limburgse Academie. (n.d.). Limburgse woordenboeken. //Limburgse Academie.// [[https://limburgs.org/nl/woordenboek/]].)). Nonetheless, as Limburgish knoiws many varieties, Veldeke underlines that this 2003 spelling is an advice, and writers can deviate from this if they think (the sounds of) varieties are better reflected differently((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d). Spellingsadvies. //Veldeke Limburg//. [[https://www.veldeke.net/taal/spellingsadvies]].)).
 ===== Demographics =====
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 In the Netherlands, Limburgish is spoken in the province of Limburg. Limburgish is part of a dialect-continuum in The Netherlands, Belgium (province of Limburg) and Germany (in Rhineland, //Rheinland//). The language vitality is strongest in The Netherlands ((Limburgse Academie. (n.d.). //Limburgse Taal.// [[https://limburgs.org/nl/limburgs/]].))
-Limburgish is not one standard language, but has many (mutually intelligble) varieties. Nevertheless, Limburgs in the Netherlands is recognised as one language, including all varieties, through the [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] and the [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Covenant on Limburgish language|Covenant on Limburgish language]].
+Limburgish is not one standard language, but has many (mutually intelligble) varieties. Nevertheless, Limburgish in the Netherlands is recognised as one language, including all varieties, through the [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] and the [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Covenant on Limburgish language|Covenant on Limburgish language]].
 The Limburgish varieties can be distinguished in several groups ((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d.). //Limburgse taal//. [[https://www.veldeke.net/taal/]].))((Archief Well. (n.d.). Limburgse dialecten. In: //Wells dialect//. [[https://www.archiefwell.nl/cultuur/wells-dialect/]].)):
@@ Line 46: / Line 47: @@
 ==== Speaker numbers ====
-In total (i.e. The Netherlands, Belgium , Germany), it is estimated that there are between 1,2 and 1,5 million speakers of Limburgish ((Limburgse Academie (n.d.). //Limburgse Taal.// [Eng:Limburgish language] [[https://limburgs.org/nl/limburgs/]].)).
+In total (i.e. The Netherlands, Belgium , Germany), it is estimated that there are between 1.2 and 1.5 million speakers of Limburgish ((Limburgse Academie (n.d.). //Limburgse Taal.// [Eng:Limburgish language] [[https://limburgs.org/nl/limburgs/]].)).
-There is no data on speaker numbers of Limburgish in the Netherlands. In 2020, there was a total of 1117201 inhabitants in the province of Limburg ((Etil Research Group. (2021 September 20). //Inwonertal.// [Eng: Number of inhabitants] Provincie Limburg. [[https://dataportaal-viewer.prvlimburg.nl/jive/]].)), and according to a survey held in 2021 in Limburg (N=1011),  78% of the population (18 years and older) can speak (a variety of) Limburgish, of whom 67% speaks it very well((R&M|Matrix. (2021). //Verslag van een onderzoek naar de stand van de Limburgse taal in opdracht van Veldeke Limburg// [Eng: Report of a survey about the state of play of the Limburgish language commissioned by Veldeke Limburg]. Veldeke Limburg. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Eindrapport-compleet.pdf]].))
+There is no data on speaker numbers of Limburgish in the Netherlands. In 2020, there was a total of 111,720,1 inhabitants in the province of Limburg ((Etil Research Group. (2021 September 20). //Inwonertal.// [Eng: Number of inhabitants] Provincie Limburg. [[https://dataportaal-viewer.prvlimburg.nl/jive/]].)), and according to a survey held in 2021 in Limburg (N=1011),  78% of the population (18 years and older) can speak (a variety of) Limburgish, of whom 67% speaks it very well((R&M|Matrix. (2021). //Verslag van een onderzoek naar de stand van de Limburgse taal in opdracht van Veldeke Limburg// [Eng: Report of a survey about the state of play of the Limburgish language commissioned by Veldeke Limburg]. Veldeke Limburg. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Eindrapport-compleet.pdf]].))
 ====Language use ====
@@ Line 72: / Line 73: @@
 ====Language attitudes & education =====
-In the survey on language use in Limburg (2021), respondents (N=1011) were asked about Limburgish in education. Whereas a majority of 53% agreed that schools should pay attention to Limburgish, the  agreeance decreases to 32% for kindergartens to use the language as medium of instuction, and to 14% for more scientic research. To promote the language, more funding should be made available by the provincial government according to 34% and national govenrment according to 19% ((R&M|Matrix. (2021). //Verslag van een onderzoek naar de stand van de Limburgse taal in opdracht van Veldeke Limburg// [Eng: Report of a survey about the state of play of the Limburgish language commissioned by Veldeke Limburg]. Veldeke Limburg. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Eindrapport-compleet.pdf]].)).
+In the survey on language use in Limburg (2021), respondents (N=1011) were asked about Limburgish in education. Whereas a majority of 53% agreed that schools should pay attention to Limburgish, the  agreeance decreases to 32% for kindergartens to use the language as medium of instuction, and to 14% for more scientic research. To promote the language, more funding should be made available by the provincial government according to 34% and by the national government according to 19% ((R&M|Matrix. (2021). //Verslag van een onderzoek naar de stand van de Limburgse taal in opdracht van Veldeke Limburg// [Eng: Report of a survey about the state of play of the Limburgish language commissioned by Veldeke Limburg]. Veldeke Limburg. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Eindrapport-compleet.pdf]].)).
 ----
@@ Line 78: / Line 79: @@
 ===== History of language education =====
-Since 1920, the national law on primary education has the provision that a regional language can be used as medium of instruction, besides Dutch ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)). To which extent this has been done, is difficult to retrace. In 2012, Limburgish was taught (optionally) at up to 80 primary schools and up to 20 secondary schools. However, it seems that these numbers have been declining, as in 2019, the Comittee of Experts reported that Limburgish was taught at some schools((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)), and in 2022, it is reported that some (primary) schools teach Limburgish via projects or after-school programmes ((2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
+Since 1920, the national law on primary education has the provision that a regional language can be used as medium of instruction, besides Dutch ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)). To which extent this has been done, is difficult to retrace. In 2012, Limburgish was taught (optionally) at up to 80 primary schools and up to 20 secondary schools. However, it seems that these numbers have been declining, as in 2019, the Committee of Experts reported that Limburgish was taught at some schools((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)), and in 2022, it is reported that some (primary) schools teach Limburgish via projects or after-school programmes ((2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
+===language attitudes in school===
-===language attitudes in shcool===
+In 1973, the //Kerkradeproject// (Eng: Kerkrade project) was initiated, in reaction to a study done in Kerkrade, in which schools connected negative school results to speaking Limburgish((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). The project found in the research phase, that Limburgish speaking pupils, as opposed to Standard Dutch speaking pupils, were linked to negative results and given lower school advice for secondary education, which stemmed from teachers' negative language attitudes towards Limburgish, rather than the abilities of the Limburgish speaking pupils. This lead the project to develop proposals for change and teaching materials in order to promote language awareness and improve language attitudes towards Limburgish, and to look for ways to use Limburgish in the classroom. This resulted, relatively to the scale of the project, to more positive attitudes towards Limburgish in the classroom by teachers and educational staff, and less to no difference in school results and school advice for secondary education between standard Dutch and Limburgish speakers((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)).
-In 1973, the //Kerkradeproject// (Eng: Kerkrade project) was initiated, in reaction to a study done in Kerkrade, in which schools connected negative school results to speaking Limburgish((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). In the research phase, the project found that negative results and lower school advice for secondary education for Limburgish speaking pupils, as opposed to Standard Dutch speaking pupils, were more linked towards negative language attitudes towards Limburgish of teachers and educational staff, rather than the abilities of the Limburgish speaking pupils. This lead the project to develop proposals for change and teaching materials in order to promote language awareness and improve language attittudes towards Limburgish, and to look for ways to use Limburgish in the classroom. This lead, relatively to the scale of the project, to more positive attitudes towards Limburgish in the classroom by teachers and educational staff, and less to no difference in school results and school advice for secondary education between standard Dutch and Limburgish speakers((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)).
-In the same period as the Kerkradeproject, a study looked into the school results of standard Dutch and Limburgish speaking pupils in Gennep, which showed that there were no significant differences in test results, though, together with the results of a follow-up tudy in 1980, it can be concluded that teachers, due to more negative language attitudes towards Limburgish speaking pupils than standard Dutch speaking pupils, judge the school performances of standard Dutch speaking pupils to be higher than the Limburgish speaking pupils((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)).
+In the same period as the Kerkradeproject, a study looked into the school results of standard Dutch and Limburgish speaking pupils in Gennep, which showed that there were no significant differences in test results, though, together with the results of a follow-up study in 1980, it can be concluded that teachers, due to more negative language attitudes towards Limburgish, judge the school performances of standard Dutch speaking pupils to be higher than the Limburgish speaking pupils((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)).
 Fifteen years later, a study looked into the effects of the Kerkradeproject, and how much Limburgish was (still) used in the classroom((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). The results showed that within the classroom, in the formal setting, teachers and educational staff used and tolerated Limburgish less than during the Kerkradeproject, though positive language attitudes remained, and the majority allowed the language outside of the classroom or in a informal settings (e.g. school yard)((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)).
@@ Line 101: / Line 103: @@
   * the communicative function of Limburgish
-Though the Nederlandse Taalunie (Language Union) gave a negative advice to recognise Limburgish, the Ministry of the Interior adopted this recommendation from the working group in Februari 1997, and so, in March 1997 Limburg was recognised under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|part II]] ((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d.). Erkenning als streektaal [ENg: recognition as regional language]((https://www.veldeke.net/taal/erkenning-als-streektaal/]].))((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].))((Council of Europe. (2023, June 20). Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ETS No. 148). [[https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/concerning-a-given-treaty?module=declarations-by-treaty&territoires=&codeNature=0&codePays=&numSte=148&enVigueur=true&ddateDebut=05-05-1949]].))
+Though the Nederlandse Taalunie (Language Union) gave a negative advice to recognise Limburgish, the Ministry of the Interior adopted this recommendation from the working group in February 1997, and so, in March 1997 Limburg was recognised under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|part II]] ((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d.). Erkenning als streektaal [ENg: recognition as regional language]((https://www.veldeke.net/taal/erkenning-als-streektaal/]].))((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].))((Council of Europe. (2023, June 20). Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ETS No. 148). [[https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/concerning-a-given-treaty?module=declarations-by-treaty&territoires=&codeNature=0&codePays=&numSte=148&enVigueur=true&ddateDebut=05-05-1949]].))
 This facilitates its promotion across different layers of society such as education, with article 7 paragraphs:
@@ Line 110: / Line 112: @@
   * h) the promotion of study and research on regional or minority languages at universities or equivalent institutions;
-The secretary-general of the Nederlandse Taalunie stated in 1999, that the recognitionof Limburgish was a "unfortunate decision"((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)).
+The secretary-general of the Nederlandse Taalunie stated in 1999, that the recognition of Limburgish was a "unfortunate decision"((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)).
 In April 2023, an open letter written by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Hoes veur ’t Limburgs]] was sent to the provincial government of Limburg with the call to recognise Limburgish under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|part III]], before December 2024 ((Hoes veur ’t Limburgs. (2023, April 21). Open brief Limburgse taal [Eng: open letter about Limburgish language. [[http://www.eblt.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Open-Brief-aan-het-Limburgs-Parlement.pdf]].)).
@@ Line 118: / Line 120: @@
 ===Covenant on Limburgish language ===
-In 2019, The Dutch government recognised Limburgish as "as an essential, fully-fledged and independent regional language in the Netherlands" in the [[https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stcrt-2019-64467.html|Convenant inzake de Nederlandse erkenning van de Limburgse taal]] [Eng: Covenant on the Dutch recognition of the Limburgish language] ((Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties. (2019, November 27). //Convenant inzake de Nederlandse erkenning van de Limburgse taal// [Eng: Covenant on the Dutch recognition of the Limburgish language]. Koninkrijksrelaties Staatscourant 2019, 64467. [[https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stcrt-2019-64467.html]].)). The recognition includes that the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations and the provincial government of Limburg "will, insofar as they are able, make every effort and work together to maintain Limburgish as a regional language in the Netherlands, to promote its use and to promote the position of Limburgish, without the creation of new laws and regulations." Both parties will make agreements on the implemention of the covenant.
+In 2019, The Dutch government recognised Limburgish as "as an essential, fully-fledged and independent regional language in the Netherlands" in the [[https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stcrt-2019-64467.html|Convenant inzake de Nederlandse erkenning van de Limburgse taal]] [Eng: Covenant on the Dutch recognition of the Limburgish language] ((Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties. (2019, November 27). //Convenant inzake de Nederlandse erkenning van de Limburgse taal// [Eng: Covenant on the Dutch recognition of the Limburgish language]. Koninkrijksrelaties Staatscourant 2019, 64467. [[https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stcrt-2019-64467.html]].)). The recognition includes that the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations and the provincial government of Limburg "will, insofar as they are able, make every effort and work together to maintain Limburgish as a regional language in the Netherlands, to promote its use and to promote the position of Limburgish, without the creation of new laws and regulations." Both parties will make agreements on the implementation of the covenant.
-The preamble (re)confirms that, by national law, Limburgs is allowed as medium of instruction at kindergarten and primary education, and Limburgs can be taught in addition to the curriculum at secondary education.
+The preamble (re)confirms that, by national law, Limburgish is allowed as medium of instruction at kindergarten and primary education, and Limburgish can be taught in addition to the curriculum at secondary education.
 In April 2023, an open letter written by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Hoes veur ’t Limburgs]] was sent to the provincial government of Limburg with the call to include the following in the subsequent covenant, which the two governments are discussing and developing in 2023((Hoes veur ’t Limburgs. (2023, April 21). Open brief Limburgse taal [Eng: open letter about Limburgish language. [[http://www.eblt.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Open-Brief-aan-het-Limburgs-Parlement.pdf]].)):
@@ Line 133: / Line 135: @@
 In primary education, the [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003420/2023-01-01/0|Wet op het primair onderwijs]] [Eng: Primary Education Act] states that, when "a regional language is in active use", this language can be also be used as the medium of instruction, besides Dutch ((Wet op het primair onderwijs [Eng: Primary Education Act]. (1981, July 2). [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003420/2023-01-01/0]].)). This allows for the use of Limburgish, as underlined too in the Covenant on Limburgish language.
-In secondary education, until August 2022, the //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// [Eng: Secondary Education Act] stated that, when "a regional language is in active use", this language can be also be used as the medium of instruction, besides Dutch" ((Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs [Eng: Secondary Education Act]. (2002, September 1).[[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002399/2002-09-01/0?VergelijkMet=BWBR0002399%3fg%3d2002-09-01%26v%3d2#DeelII_TiteldeelII_Afdeling1_Paragraaf1_Artikel138]].)). The Covenant on Limburgish language also referens to this law, though states it can be taught as a subject. However, the current educational act, [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2022-08-01/0|Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020]] no longer mentions regional languages in active use, except for Frisian, which is explicitly mentioned ((Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020 [Eng: Secondary Education Act 2020]. (2022, August 1). [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2022-08-01/0]].))
+In secondary education, until August 2022, the //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// [Eng: Secondary Education Act] stated that, when "a regional language is in active use", this language can be also be used as the medium of instruction, besides Dutch" ((Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs [Eng: Secondary Education Act]. (2002, September 1).[[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002399/2002-09-01/0?VergelijkMet=BWBR0002399%3fg%3d2002-09-01%26v%3d2#DeelII_TiteldeelII_Afdeling1_Paragraaf1_Artikel138]].)). The Covenant on Limburgish language also referens to this law, though states it can be taught as a subject. However, the current educational act, [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2022-08-01/0|Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020]] (which was adapted August 2022) no longer mentions "regional languages in active use". It does allow to deviate from Dutch as language of instruction when the subject is about another language, or when it is necessary to do so for pupils because of their origins((Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020 [Eng: Secondary Education Act 2020]. (2022, August 1). [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2022-08-01/0]].)).
 ====Local policy====
 In October 2015, several Limburgish language [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|organisations]] plead for a better position and use of Limburgish in education, especially in pre-school education, in the vision document "Sjiek is mich dat!" (Eng: that's neat!) ((Cornips, L. et al.. (2015, October 12). //Sjiek is mich dat!: Visie op taal als erfgoed// [Eng: That's neat! Vision on language as heritage]. [[https://leoniecornips.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/visie_sjiek-is-miech-dat-visie-op-taal-als-erfgoed-12-10-15.pdf]].))((Cornips, L. (2018, July 23). //“Kind moet over op het ‘plat’”// (Eng: child has to switch to vernacular). Neerlandistiek. [[https://neerlandistiek.nl/2018/07/kind-moet-over-op-het-plat/]].)).
-In November 2017, the provincial government of Limburg pledged to develop language policy for Limburgish, which came in the form of the framework policy document [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/KadernotaStreektaalbeleid.pdf|’n Laeve lank Limburgs]] (ENg: a life long Limburgish), presented in June 2018. The three main points are: language promotion, language transition and language infrastructure.
+In November 2017, the provincial government of Limburg pledged to develop language policy for Limburgish, which came in the form of the framework policy document [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/KadernotaStreektaalbeleid.pdf|’n Laeve lank Limburgs]] (Eng: a life long Limburgish), presented in June 2018. The three main points are: language promotion, language transition and language infrastructure.
-For education, //'n Laeve lank Limburgs// states to increase language transition in education, and raise the level of knowledge about multilingualism. Especially in pre-school education, children should be supported, not discouraged to use and develop their Limburgish language skills. The aim is to use Limburgish as medium of instruction more often, and to increase the presence of Limburgish in all educational levels((Provincie Limburg. (2018,June 28). //'n Laeve lank Limburgs// [Eng:a life long Limburgish]. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/KadernotaStreektaalbeleid.pdf]].)). The plans to increase the use of Limburgs as medium of instruction were tested at locations of day care centre Spelenderwijs in 2019 ((Klomp, C. (2018 July 19). Provincie: spreek Limburgs op peuterspeelzalen. [Eng: Province: speak Limburgish at childcare centres]. // De Gelderlander. //[[https://www.gelderlander.nl/binnenland/provincie-spreek-limburgs-op-peuterspeelzalen~a821d896/]].)). Media, community and organisations reacted to the framework policy document, and in Januari 2019, the framework policy document, including reactions, comments and recommendations, was presented to be discussed by the provincial states ((Cornips, L. (2018, July 23). //“Kind moet over op het ‘plat’”// (Eng: child has to switch to vernacular). Neerlandistiek. [[https://neerlandistiek.nl/2018/07/kind-moet-over-op-het-plat/]].))((Veldeke Limburg (n.d.). //’n Laeve lank Limburgs// [ENg: a life long Limburgish]. Retrieved June 21, 2023, from [[https://www.veldeke.net/n-laeve-lank-limburgs/]].))((Koopmans, G.P.J. (2019, Januari  22). //Mededeling portefeuillehouder inzake streektaal// [Eng: announcement to councillor concerning regional language]. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Mededeling-Portefeuillehouder-inzake-streektaal_-brief-gedeputeerde-Koopmans-van-22-1-2019-GS-2019-4415-1.pdf.]].)).
+For education, //'n Laeve lank Limburgs// states to increase language transition in education, and raise the level of knowledge about multilingualism. Especially in pre-school education, children should be supported, not discouraged to use and develop their Limburgish language skills. The aim is to use Limburgish as medium of instruction more often, and to increase the presence of Limburgish in all educational levels((Provincie Limburg. (2018,June 28). //'n Laeve lank Limburgs// [Eng:a life long Limburgish]. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/KadernotaStreektaalbeleid.pdf]].)). The plans to increase the use of Limburgish as medium of instruction were tested at locations of day care centre Spelenderwijs in 2019 ((Klomp, C. (2018 July 19). Provincie: spreek Limburgs op peuterspeelzalen. [Eng: Province: speak Limburgish at childcare centres]. // De Gelderlander. //[[https://www.gelderlander.nl/binnenland/provincie-spreek-limburgs-op-peuterspeelzalen~a821d896/]].)). Media, community and organisations reacted to the framework policy document, and in January 2019, the framework policy document, including reactions, comments and recommendations, was presented to be discussed by the provincial states ((Cornips, L. (2018, July 23). //“Kind moet over op het ‘plat’”// (Eng: child has to switch to vernacular). Neerlandistiek. [[https://neerlandistiek.nl/2018/07/kind-moet-over-op-het-plat/]].))((Veldeke Limburg (n.d.). //’n Laeve lank Limburgs// [ENg: a life long Limburgish]. Retrieved June 21, 2023, from [[https://www.veldeke.net/n-laeve-lank-limburgs/]].))((Koopmans, G.P.J. (2019, Januari  22). //Mededeling portefeuillehouder inzake streektaal// [Eng: announcement to councillor concerning regional language]. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Mededeling-Portefeuillehouder-inzake-streektaal_-brief-gedeputeerde-Koopmans-van-22-1-2019-GS-2019-4415-1.pdf.]].)).
 In the policy document //Erfgoed 2022-2023// (Eng: Heritage 2022-2023), there is a section on Limburgish, and a budget of €95000 for language per year, but no concrete measures for education are mentioned ((Provincie Limburg. //De kracht van erfgoed: Beleidsbrief Erfgoed 2022 – 2023// (Eng: The power of heritage: Policy Document Heritage 2022-2023)).
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 ===pre-school education===
-In 2012, the Committee of Experts on the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|ECRML]] reported that in pre-school education, Limburgish is "is only occasionally used" and that structured approach regarding the use of Limburgish is absent ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)). In 2022, the Comittee of Experts reported that some childcare organisations (e.g. Spelenderwijs) use Limburgish as medium of instruction, but this is not standard((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
+In 2012, the Committee of Experts on the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|ECRML]] reported that in pre-school education, Limburgish is "is only occasionally used" and that structured approach regarding the use of Limburgish is absent ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)). In 2022, the Committee of Experts reported that some childcare organisations (e.g. Spelenderwijs) use Limburgish as medium of instruction, but this is not standard((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
 ===primary & secondary education===
-Limburgish was taught (optionally) at up to 80 primary schools and up to 20 secondary schools in 2012 ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)), whereas in 2019, the Comittee of Experts reported that Limburgish was taught at "some schools" ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2019, November 5). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Report of the Committee of Experts presented to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 16 of the Charter - Sixth Report, The Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/ecrml-netherlands-6th-evaluation-report/16809f023f]].)). In 2022, it is reported that some (primary) schools teach Limburgish via projects or after-school programmes. The Committee of Experts therefore made the recommendation for immediate action to "prepare a strategy to ensure the teaching and study of Limburgish as a subject at all levels of education and promote its use in preschool education" ((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
+Limburgish was taught (optionally) at up to 80 primary schools and up to 20 secondary schools in 2012 ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)), whereas in 2019, the Committee of Experts reported that Limburgish was taught at "some schools" ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2019, November 5). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Report of the Committee of Experts presented to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 16 of the Charter - Sixth Report, The Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/ecrml-netherlands-6th-evaluation-report/16809f023f]].)). In 2022, it is reported that some (primary) schools teach Limburgish via projects or after-school programmes. The Committee of Experts therefore made the recommendation for immediate action to "prepare a strategy to ensure the teaching and study of Limburgish as a subject at all levels of education and promote its use in preschool education" ((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
 Each year, Veldeke Limburg organises a poem recitation competition for children at primary schools, for group3/4 (6-8 year old), group 5/6 (8-10 year old), and group 7/8 (10-12 year old) ((Veldeke Limburg (n.d.). Declamatiewedstrijd. //Veldeke Limburg.// [[ https://www.veldeke.net/jeugd/declamatiewedstrijd/]].))((P&M. (2023, May 18).
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     * [[http://www.veldeke.net/lb/veldeke-krink-heele-umstrieeke/|Veldeke Krink Heële]] (Nl: Heerlen)
     * [[https://www.veldekemestreech.nl/|Veldeke Mestreechs]] (Nl: Maastricht)
-  * [[https://hklimburg.nl/netwerk/raod-veur-t-limburgs|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: the Limburgish council) \\ Advisory comittee for the Provincial Executive of the province of Limburg.
+  * [[https://hklimburg.nl/netwerk/raod-veur-t-limburgs|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: the Limburgish council) \\ Advisory committee for the Provincial Executive of the province of Limburg.
   * [[https://hklimburg.nl/|Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg]] (Eng: House for the arts Limburg) is an advisory organisation and knowledge centre, with the aim to support arts and heritage in Limburg. The organisation advices the provincial government of Limburg on all subsidy applications concerning language.
   * [[https://levendetalen.nl/talensecties/limburgs/|Levende Talen Limburgs]] (Eng: Teachers of Living Languages)\\ Teacher organisation which supports Limburgish in education (and other environments). It is a section of the larger educational organisation Levende Talen.