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--- languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2025/06/18 10:24] – [Language vitality according to:] ydwine
+++ languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2026/05/18 11:35] (current) – [Education presence] siemone
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 ==== Language standardisation ====
-There have been several different orthographies for Limburgish (varieties). [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Veldeke Limburg]] has published the first official Veldeke-spelling for Limburgish in 1952, with a second following in 1983. In 2003, [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Linguistics, grammars, dictionaries|Spelling 2003 voor de Limburgse dialecten]] (Eng: Spelling 2003 for the Limburgish dialects) was published and officially accepted by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]]. This document has guidelines for the spelling of all Limburgish dialects, and also serves as a base for the online dictionary [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Linguistics, grammars, dictionaries|D’n Dictionair]] (2016)((Pierre Bakkes, Herman Crompvoets, Jan Notten and Frans Walraven. (2003). //Spelling 2003 voor Limburgse dialecten//. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/download/spelling2003.pdf]]))((Limburgse Academie. (n.d.). Limburgse woordenboeken. //Limburgse Academie.// [[https://limburgs.org/nl/woordenboek/]].)). Nonetheless, as Limburgish knoiws many varieties, Veldeke underlines that this 2003 spelling is an advice, and writers can deviate from this if they think (the sounds of) varieties are better reflected differently((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d). Spellingsadvies. //Veldeke Limburg//. [[https://www.veldeke.net/taal/spellingsadvies]].)).
+There have been several different orthographies for Limburgish (varieties). [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Veldeke Limburg]] has published the first official Veldeke-spelling for Limburgish in 1952, with a second following in 1983. In 2003, [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Linguistics, grammars, dictionaries|Spelling 2003 voor de Limburgse dialecten]] (Eng: Spelling 2003 for the Limburgish dialects) was published and officially accepted by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]]. This document has guidelines for the spelling of all Limburgish dialects, and also serves as a base for the online dictionary [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Linguistics, grammars, dictionaries|D’n Dictionair]] (2016)((Pierre Bakkes, Herman Crompvoets, Jan Notten and Frans Walraven. (2003). //Spelling 2003 voor Limburgse dialecten//. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/download/spelling2003.pdf]]))((Limburgse Academie. (n.d.). Limburgse woordenboeken. //Limburgse Academie.// [[https://limburgs.org/nl/woordenboek/]].)). Nonetheless, as Limburgish knows many varieties, Veldeke underlines that this 2003 spelling is an advice, and writers can deviate from this if they think (the sounds of) varieties are better reflected differently((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d). Spellingsadvies. //Veldeke Limburg//. [[https://www.veldeke.net/taal/spellingsadvies]].)).
 ===== Demographics =====
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 ===== History of language education =====
-In 1937, the national Primary Education Act of 1920 (Lager Onderwijswet, 1920) was amended, and included the provision that "a regional language in living use" could be taught, alongside Dutch ((Riemersma, A.M.J., Robinson-Jones, C. (ed.), Scarse, Y.R. (ed.), Ybema, J. (ed.), Visser, M.(ed.), & Schukking, A.F. (ed.). (2024). //The Frisian language in education in the Netherlands //(5th ed.). (Regional Dossier series). Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://www.mercator-research.eu/regional-dossiers/frisian-netherlands/]].))((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). Since 1998, a regional language can also be used as language of instruction, alongside Dutch ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). To which extent this has been done, is difficult to retrace
+In 1937, the national Primary Education Act of 1920 (Lager Onderwijswet, 1920) was amended, and included the provision that "a regional language in living use" could be taught, alongside Dutch ((Riemersma, A.M.J., Robinson-Jones, C. (ed.), Scarse, Y.R. (ed.), Ybema, J. (ed.), Visser, M.(ed.), & Schukking, A.F. (ed.). (2024). //The Frisian language in education in the Netherlands //(5th ed.). (Regional Dossier series). Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://www.mercator-research.eu/regional-dossiers/frisian-netherlands/]].))((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). Since 1998, a regional language can also be used as language of instruction, alongside Dutch ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). To which extent this has been done, is difficult to retrace.
-In 2012, Limburgish was taught (optionally) at up to 80 primary schools and up to 20 secondary schools. However, it seems that these numbers have been declining, as in 2019, the Committee of Experts reported that Limburgish was taught at some schools((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)), and in 2022, it is reported that some (primary) schools teach Limburgish via projects or after-school programmes ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2022). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
+In 2012, Limburgish was taught (optionally) at up to 80 primary schools and up to 20 secondary schools. However, it seems that these numbers have been declining, as in 2019, the Committee of Experts reported that Limburgish was taught at some schools((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)), and in 2022, it is reported that some (primary) schools teach Limburgish via projects or after-school programmes ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2022). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)). Starting 2025, a vocational school in Limburg offered, for the first time ever, an elective course focusing on the Limburgish history, language, and culture((Linssen, J. (2025, 18 oktober). //Plat op je diploma: primeur voor Vista-studenten, die les krijgen in het Limburgs//. L1 Nieuws. https://www.l1nieuws.nl/entertainment/3012464/plat-op-je-diploma-primeur-voor-vista-studenten-die-les-krijgen-in-het-limburgs))((Jessen, M. (2026, 21 januari). //De kracht van de Limburgse taal: “De luuj begriepe mich väöl baeter ès ich plàt kal”//. L1 Nieuws. https://www.l1nieuws.nl/nieuws/3077550/de-kracht-van-de-limburgse-taal-de-luuj-begriepe-mich-vaol-baeter-es-ich-plat-kal)).
 ===language attitudes in school===
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 Though the Nederlandse Taalunie (Language Union) gave a negative advice to recognise Limburgish, the Ministry of the Interior adopted this recommendation from the working group in February 1997, and so, before the ECRML was enacted in the Netherlands in 1998, Limburgish was recognised under part II of the ECRML ((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d.). Erkenning als streektaal [ENg: recognition as regional language]((https://www.veldeke.net/taal/erkenning-als-streektaal/]].))((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].))((Council of Europe. (2023, June 20). Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ETS No. 148). [[https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/concerning-a-given-treaty?module=declarations-by-treaty&territoires=&codeNature=0&codePays=&numSte=148&enVigueur=true&ddateDebut=05-05-1949]].)). Despite the recognition, the secretary-general of the Nederlandse Taalunie stated in 1999, that the recognition of Limburgish was an "unfortunate decision"((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)).
-In April 2023, an open letter written by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Hoes veur ’t Limburgs]] was sent to the provincial government of Limburg with the call to recognise Limburgish under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|part III]], before December 2024 ((Hoes veur ’t Limburgs. (2023, April 21). Open brief Limburgse taal [Eng: open letter about Limburgish language. [[http://www.eblt.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Open-Brief-aan-het-Limburgs-Parlement.pdf]].)). The Provincial Council of Limburg decided that more research and support was needed for recognition under part III of the European Charter in December 2023. One year later, in December 2024, the policy plan [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/885/Uitvoeringsprogramma-Limburgse-taal-2025-2027.pdf|Same veur 't Limburgs 2025-2027]] [Together for Limburgish 2025-2027] was adopted by the Provincial Council of Limburg, which aims to strengthen the status of Limburgish under part II and to research and prepare necessary steps towards a higher recognition under part III ((Provincie Limburg. (2024). //Same veur 't Limburgs 2025-2027: Uitvoeringsprogramma Limburgse taal 2025-2027// [Together for Limburgish 2025-2027: implementation plan for Limburgish 2025-2027]. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/885/Uitvoeringsprogramma-Limburgse-taal-2025-2027.pdf]].))((Provincie Limburg. (2024). Provinciale Staten: Statenvergadering met één agendapunt in het dialect vrijdag 13 december 2024 [Provincial Council: Council meeting with one topic in dialect Friday December 13]. Retrieved frnom: [[https://limburg.bestuurlijkeinformatie.nl/Agenda/Index/8fab599e-aa5f-4265-a9df-7bd7af5b433a]].)).
+In April 2023, an open letter written by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Hoes veur ’t Limburgs]] was sent to the provincial government of Limburg with the call to recognise Limburgish under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|part III]], before December 2024 ((Hoes veur ’t Limburgs. (2023, April 21). Open brief Limburgse taal [Eng: open letter about Limburgish language. [[http://www.eblt.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Open-Brief-aan-het-Limburgs-Parlement.pdf]].)). The Provincial Council of Limburg decided that more research and support was needed for recognition under part III of the European Charter in December 2023. One year later, in December 2024, the policy plan [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/885/Uitvoeringsprogramma-Limburgse-taal-2025-2027.pdf|Same veur 't Limburgs 2025-2027]] [Together for Limburgish 2025-2027] was adopted by the Provincial Council of Limburg, which aims to strengthen the status of Limburgish under part II and to research and prepare necessary steps towards a higher recognition under part III ((Provincie Limburg. (2024). //Same veur 't Limburgs 2025-2027: Uitvoeringsprogramma Limburgse taal 2025-2027// [Together for Limburgish 2025-2027: implementation plan for Limburgish 2025-2027]. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/885/Uitvoeringsprogramma-Limburgse-taal-2025-2027.pdf]].))((Provincie Limburg. (2024). Provinciale Staten: Statenvergadering met één agendapunt in het dialect vrijdag 13 december 2024 [Provincial Council: Council meeting with one topic in dialect Friday December 13]. Retrieved frnom: [[https://limburg.bestuurlijkeinformatie.nl/Agenda/Index/8fab599e-aa5f-4265-a9df-7bd7af5b433a]].)). An independent task force was established to research these steps as well as provide advice for the provincial government, stay in touch with the Committee of Experts, establish collaboration between organisations and initiate projects ((Actiecommissie Limburgse taal. (n.d.). Provincie Limburg. https://www.limburg.nl/onderwerpen/cultuur-erfgoed-archeologie/limburgse-taal/actiecommissie-limburgse-taal/)).
 ==== National level====
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   * Secondary school education (12-16/18 years)
-Until August 2022, the //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// [Secondary Education Act] stated the same construction as pre-school and primary education, namely that regional language variety "which is in lively use" can be used as medium of instruction, alongside Dutch. However, this passage no longer is included in the current [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-08-01|Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020]] [Secondary Education Act 2020]. The Act does allow to deviate from Dutch as language of instruction when the subject is about another language, or when it is necessary to do so for pupils because of their linguistic background ((Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020, BWBR0044212 [Secondary Education Act of 2020]. (2020, September 30). Retrieved Octobe 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-01-01/0]].)). Nevertheless, the Dutch government continues to state on their website that it is possible and allowed to teach Limburgish in secondary education ((Rijksoverheid. (n.d.). //Wanneer mag ik het Limburgs gebruiken? // [When may I use Limburgish?]. Retrieved 2025, March 18, from [[https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/vraag-en-antwoord/wanneer-limburgs-gebruiken))]].)).
+The //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// (English: Secondary Education Act) allows to deviate from Dutch as language of instruction when the subject is about another language, or when it is necessary to do so for pupils because of their linguistic background ((Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020, BWBR0044212 [Secondary Education Act of 2020]. (2020, September 30). Retrieved Octobe 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-01-01/0]].)).
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 Limburgish language education is promoted and supported by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Organisations|several organisations]], which receive subsidy from the province of Limburg. After its recognition under part II of the ECRML, the [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Raod veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: the Limburgish council) and a //streektaalfunctionaris// (Eng: regional language officer; via [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg]]) have been appointed to promote the Limburgish language since 2001((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)). Since 2022, the provincial government of Limburg has supported the (establishement) and organisation of //'t Hoes veur ‘t Limburgs// [ENG: the House for Limburgish]], including €60.000 for an educational employee((Van Hoof, J. (2022, July 4). Provinciale subsidie: Hoes veur ‘t Limburgs stap dichterbij [Eng: Provincial subsidy: Hoes veur 't Limburgs one step closer]]. //1Limburg//. [[https://www.1limburg.nl/nieuws/1778988/provinciale-subsidie-hoes-veur-t-limburgs-stap-dichterbij]]))((Hover, H. (2022, October 5). Hoes veur 't Limburgs in oprichting [Eng: Hoes veur 't Limburgs being established]. //1Limburg//. [[https://www.1limburg.nl/entertainment/1856837/hoes-veur-t-limburgs-in-oprichting]].)).
-The //Raod veur ’t Limburgs// is an advisory committee for the Provincial Council of Limburg. As such, it does research and gives advice regarding the recognition of the language and its the implementation. Moreover, it initiates projects to raise language awareness. In doing so, //Raod veur ’t Limburgs// often cooperates with //Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg//. This advisory organisation and knowledge centre has a focus on arts and heritage in Limburg, and as such, advices the Provincial Council of Limburg on all subsidy applications regarding language. The //Hoes veur 't Limburgs// is the newest addition, and is a knowledge and expertise centre regarding Limburgish. It is a cooperation of several language organisations, including //Veldeke Limburg// - an umbrella organisation for language promotion, the //Raod veur ’t Limburgs//, the //Limbörgse Academie// [ENG: Limburgish Acadamy] - A non-profit organistaion which develops digital language products and tools, //Levende Talen Limburgs// [ENG:Living Languages Limburgish] - The Limburgish section of the language teacher association, //Vereniging Limburgse Dialect- en Naamkunde (VLDN) [ENG: Association of Limburg Dialect and Onomastics]//, and the //Willy Dols Stichting// [ENG: Willy Dols Foundation] - a foundation for the Sittards/Zittesj  variety.
+The //Raod veur ’t Limburgs// was an advisory committee for the Provincial Council of Limburg. As such, it did research and gave advice regarding the recognition of the language and its implementation. Moreover, it initiated projects to raise language awareness. In doing so, //Raod veur ’t Limburgs// often cooperated with //Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg//. This advisory organisation and knowledge centre has a focus on arts and heritage in Limburg, and as such, advices the Provincial Council of Limburg on all subsidy applications regarding language. The //Hoes veur 't Limburgs// is the newest addition, and is a knowledge and expertise centre regarding Limburgish. With its establishment, the //Raod veur ’t Limburgs// deemed to have reached its goal and stopped in 2025((Hover, H. (2025, 26 augustus). //Raod veur ’t Limburgs stopt : het doel is bereikt//. L1 Nieuws. https://www.l1nieuws.nl/entertainment/2969450/raod-veur-t-limburgs-stopt-het-doel-is-bereikt)). The //Hoes veur 't Limburgs// is a cooperation of several language organisations, including //Veldeke Limburg// - an umbrella organisation for language promotion, the //Limbörgse Academie// [ENG: Limburgish Acadamy] - A non-profit organistaion which develops digital language products and tools, //Levende Talen Limburgs// [ENG:Living Languages Limburgish] - The Limburgish section of the language teacher association, //Vereniging Limburgse Dialect- en Naamkunde (VLDN) [ENG: Association of Limburg Dialect and Onomastics]//, and the //Willy Dols Stichting// [ENG: Willy Dols Foundation] - a foundation for the Sittards/Zittesj  variety.
 ====Financial support====
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 ===higher education===
 Since 2011, Prof Dr Leonie Cornips is professor 'Language Culture in Limburg' at the University of Maastricht (for 0,3 fte) ((Maastricht University. (n.d.). Prof Dr L.M.E.A. Cornips. //Maastricht University.//. [[https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/lmea-cornips]].))((Van Houten, M. (2011, September 1). Een nieuwe draai aan het Limburgs [Eng: a new turn for Limburgs]. //Trouw//. [[https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/een-nieuwe-draai-aan-het-limburgs~bb51a9c8/]].)).
+In 2025, a vocational school began offering an elective course on Limburgish history, language, and culture ((Linssen, J. (2025, 18 oktober). //Plat op je diploma: primeur voor Vista-studenten, die les krijgen in het Limburgs//. L1 Nieuws. https://www.l1nieuws.nl/entertainment/3012464/plat-op-je-diploma-primeur-voor-vista-studenten-die-les-krijgen-in-het-limburgs)).
 ====Language learning materials====