Differences

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--- languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2025/01/09 15:56] – [Language learning materials] ydwine
+++ languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2025/07/01 11:29] (current) – [National level] ydwine
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ==== Language vitality according to: ====
 ^  [[https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/netherlands/languages/limburgan|UNESCO]]  ^  [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lim/Ethnologue|Ethnologue]]  ^  [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10425|Endangered Languages]]  ^  [[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/limb1263|Glottolog]]  ^
-|  {{:endangerment:blue.png?nolink|Potentially vulnerable}}  |  {{:endangerment:blue.png?nolink|Stable}}  |  n/a  |  {{:endangerment:yellow.png?nolink|Threatened}}  |
+|  {{:endangerment:cyan.png?nolink|Potentially vulnerable}}  |  {{:endangerment:blue.png?nolink|Stable}}  |  n/a  |  {{:endangerment:yellow.png?nolink|Threatened}}  |
+<sup> Click [[manual:colour_codes|here]] for a full overview of the language vitality colour codes. </sup>
 ==== Linguistic aspects: =====
   * Classification: Indo-European → Germanic → West-Germanic → High German → Middle German → Middle Franconian → Ripuarian → Limburgish. For more information, see //limb1263// at [[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/limb1263|Glottolog]]
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 However, varieties commonly are identified by the town/city ((Limburgse Academie. (n.d.). //Limburgse Taal.// [[https://limburgs.org/nl/limburgs/]].))((Frens Bakker. (1997). 'Wat is Limburgs?'. In // Onze Taal//, year 66, p.107-109 [[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa014199701_01/_taa014199701_01_0072.php]].)), such as:
-  * Kerkrade: Kirchröadsj
+  * Kerkrade: Kerkraads/Kirchröadsj
-  * Maastricht: Mestreechs
+  * Maastricht: Maastrichts/Mestreechs
-  * Sittard: Zitterds
+  * Sittard: Sittards/Zitterds/Zittesj
-  * Roermond: Remunjs
+  * Roermond: Roermonds/Remunjs
   * Venlo: Venloos
-  * Weert: Wieërtlands
+  * Weert: Weerrtlands/Wieërtlands
   * Region Valkenberg: Valkebergs, Bergs, Hölsbergs, Houtems, Subs, Sjins ((Diederen, E. en Lahey, M. (2008). Gemeinte Valkeberg aan de Geul. //veldeke-krink-valkeberg// [[http://www.veldeke-valkeberg.nl/valkenburg%20aan%20de%20geul.html.]].))
@@ Line 146: / Line 147: @@
   * Secondary school education (12-16/18 years)
-Until August 2022, the //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// [Secondary Education Act] stated the same construction as pre-school and primary education, namely that regional language variety "which is in lively use" can be used as medium of instruction, alongside Dutch. However, this passage no longer is included in the current [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-08-01|Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020]] [Secondary Education Act 2020]. The Act does allow to deviate from Dutch as language of instruction when the subject is about another language, or when it is necessary to do so for pupils because of their linguistic background ((Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020, BWBR0044212 [Secondary Education Act of 2020]. (2020, September 30). Retrieved Octobe 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-01-01/0]].)).
+The //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// (English: Secondary Education Act) allows to deviate from Dutch as language of instruction when the subject is about another language, or when it is necessary to do so for pupils because of their linguistic background ((Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020, BWBR0044212 [Secondary Education Act of 2020]. (2020, September 30). Retrieved Octobe 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-01-01/0]].)).
@@ Line 179: / Line 180: @@
 A major shift came in 2024, when an annual budget of 1.1 million euros was appointed to Limburgish, above existing funding for organisations, in light of the provincial policy plan [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/885/Uitvoeringsprogramma-Limburgse-taal-2025-2027.pdf|Same veur ’t Limburgs 2025-2027]]. In this period, €200,000 is budgeted for Limburgish in pre-school education, schools and (general) education, and €100,000 for academic knowledge per year((Provincie Limburg. (2024). //Same veur 't Limburgs 2025-2027: Uitvoeringsprogramma Limburgse taal 2025-2027// [Together for Limburgish 2025-2027: implementation plan for Limburgish 2025-2027]. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/885/Uitvoeringsprogramma-Limburgse-taal-2025-2027.pdf]].)).
+===== Education presence =====
+===pre-school education===
+In 2012, the Committee of Experts on the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|ECRML]] reported that in pre-school education, Limburgish is "is only occasionally used" and that structured approach regarding the use of Limburgish is absent ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)). In 2022, the Committee of Experts reported that some childcare organisations (e.g. Spelenderwijs) use Limburgish as medium of instruction, but this is not standard((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
+A 2022 survey among employees at pre-school education locations (e.g. day care centres, toddler playgroups, after school care groups) showed that 68.0% of the respondents (N=485) use Limburgish with the children, most of them use the language often, mainly during playtime (77.5%) and individually with children (75.4) as opposed to during reading or instruction (5.5%) and in plenary sessions (0.9%)  ((Van Dongen, J. (2022). //Onderzoek Limburgse Taal in de kinderopvang// [powerpoint presentation; a survey on Limburgish in day care]. MIK & PIW groep, Zuyd Hogeschool. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/168/Resultaten-onderzoek-Limburgse-taal-in-de-kinderopvang.pdf]].)). Reasons for employees to refrain from using the language are e.g. not speaking the language themselves (19.0%), children who do not speak Limburgish (43.2%), not knowing whether it is allowed to use the language (9.5%) or resistance from colleagues or the organisation to do so (9.3%). A need for more teaching materials was reported by 42.7% of the respondents, as well as a need for more information about the advantages to use Limburgish (39.7%)((Van Dongen, J. (2022). //Onderzoek Limburgse Taal in de kinderopvang// [powerpoint presentation; a survey on Limburgish in day care]. MIK & PIW groep, Zuyd Hogeschool. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/168/Resultaten-onderzoek-Limburgse-taal-in-de-kinderopvang.pdf]].)).
+Besides a lack of teaching materials, centres can be confronted with more challenges to use the language. In 2024, the day care centre  Humpie Dumpie came into news, as the Inspectorate (GGD) gave a negative review for the use of Limburgish ((Benders, G. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. L1. [[https://www.l1nieuws.nl/entertainment/2676671/kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].))((NOS. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. NOS. [[https://nos.nl/regio/limburg/artikel/530758-kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].)). The Inspectare reported that the two employees "virtually only used dialect" during the 1.5 hour of inspection, while "the Limburgish dialect can never be the main language of instruction." ((GGD Zuid Limburg. (2024). //Inspectierapport Humpie Dumpie (KDV)// [Inspection report Humpie Dumpie (day care centre)]. Rijksoverheid Landelijk Register Kinderopvang. [[https://www.landelijkregisterkinderopvang.nl/pp/#/inspectierapport/a80649b5-8e26-4fc1-a991-d9f86bd21941/9bde8fc5-8466-4b9d-915e-c7085f2cc9e5]].)). The Inspectorate stated that Limburgish can only be used when it is written in the educational policy plan of the centre, and if it is used next to Dutch, for a maximum of 50% of the time((Benders, G. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. L1. [[https://www.l1nieuws.nl/entertainment/2676671/kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].))((NOS. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. NOS. [[https://nos.nl/regio/limburg/artikel/530758-kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].)).
+==Bilingual programmes==
+A pilot for bilingual education, "dialect in de Kinderopvang" [Dialect in day care] was held at several locations, coordinated by Levende Talen sectie Limburgs, from November 2023 to April 2024 ((Peuteropvang heerlen. (2023). //Meertaligheid stimuleert gebruik Nederlands// [Multilingualism stimulates use of Dutch]. [[https://peuteropvangheerlen.nl/pilot-limburgs-in-de-peuteropvang/]].)). A bilingual programme followed, with the Mascotte //Zjuulke// who stimulates the use of Limburgish. As of early 2025, nine groups (mainly toddler playgroups) participate in this programme ((Hoes veur ’t Limburgs. (n.d.). //Vuursjoeëlse edukasie// [pre-school education]. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/educatie/veursjoolse-educatie]].)).
+===primary & secondary education===
+Limburgish was taught (optionally) at up to 80 primary schools and up to 20 secondary schools in 2012 ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)), whereas in 2019, the Committee of Experts reported that Limburgish was taught at "some schools" ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2019, November 5). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Report of the Committee of Experts presented to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 16 of the Charter - Sixth Report, The Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/ecrml-netherlands-6th-evaluation-report/16809f023f]].)). In 2022, it is reported that some (primary) schools teach Limburgish via projects or after-school programmes. The Committee of Experts therefore made the recommendation for immediate action to "prepare a strategy to ensure the teaching and study of Limburgish as a subject at all levels of education and promote its use in preschool education" ((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
+Each year, Veldeke Limburg organises a poem recitation competition for children at primary schools, for group3/4 (6-8 year old), group 5/6 (8-10 year old), and group 7/8 (10-12 year old) ((Veldeke Limburg (n.d.). Declamatiewedstrijd. //Veldeke Limburg.// [[ https://www.veldeke.net/jeugd/declamatiewedstrijd/]].))((P&M. (2023, May 18).
+Kinderen dragen gedichten voor in dialect. //Omroep P&M// [[https://www.omroeppenm.nl/nieuws/uitgelicht/kinderen-dragen-gedichten-voor-in-dialect]].))
+===higher education===
+Since 2011, Prof Dr Leonie Cornips is professor 'Language Culture in Limburg' at the University of Maastricht (for 0,3 fte) ((Maastricht University. (n.d.). Prof Dr L.M.E.A. Cornips. //Maastricht University.//. [[https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/lmea-cornips]].))((Van Houten, M. (2011, September 1). Een nieuwe draai aan het Limburgs [Eng: a new turn for Limburgs]. //Trouw//. [[https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/een-nieuwe-draai-aan-het-limburgs~bb51a9c8/]].)).
 ====Language learning materials====
@@ Line 213: / Line 241: @@
 ===Higher/ Vocational education===
-  * //Liergank Limburgs// (Eng: course on Limburgish) \\ A course 'Limburgs Dialect’ or ‘Liergank Limburgs’ (2003). ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].))
+  * //Liergank Limburgs// (Eng: course on Limburgish) \\ A course 'Limburgs Dialect’ or ‘Liergank Limburgs’ (2003).The aim was to make Limburgish also accepted during administrative meetings  ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].))
-===== Education presence =====
-===pre-school education===
-In 2012, the Committee of Experts on the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|ECRML]] reported that in pre-school education, Limburgish is "is only occasionally used" and that structured approach regarding the use of Limburgish is absent ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)). In 2022, the Committee of Experts reported that some childcare organisations (e.g. Spelenderwijs) use Limburgish as medium of instruction, but this is not standard((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
-A 2022 survey among employees at pre-school education locations (e.g. day care centres, toddler playgroups, after school care groups) showed that 68.0% of the respondents (N=485) use Limburgish with the children, most of them use the language often, mainly during playtime (77.5%) and individually with children (75.4) as opposed to during reading or instruction (5.5%) and in plenary sessions (0.9%)  ((Van Dongen, J. (2022). //Onderzoek Limburgse Taal in de kinderopvang// [powerpoint presentation; a survey on Limburgish in day care]. MIK & PIW groep, Zuyd Hogeschool. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/168/Resultaten-onderzoek-Limburgse-taal-in-de-kinderopvang.pdf]].)). Reasons for employees to refrain from using the language are e.g. not speaking the language themselves (19.0%), children who do not speak Limburgish (43.2%), not knowing whether it is allowed to use the language (9.5%) or resistance from colleagues or the organisation to do so (9.3%). A need for more teaching materials was reported by 42.7% of the respondents, as well as a need for more information about the advantages to use Limburgish (39.7%)((Van Dongen, J. (2022). //Onderzoek Limburgse Taal in de kinderopvang// [powerpoint presentation; a survey on Limburgish in day care]. MIK & PIW groep, Zuyd Hogeschool. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/168/Resultaten-onderzoek-Limburgse-taal-in-de-kinderopvang.pdf]].)).
-Besides a lack of teaching materials, centres can be confronted with more challenges to use the language. In 2024, the day care centre  Humpie Dumpie came into news, as the Inspectorate (GGD) gave a negative review for the use of Limburgish ((Benders, G. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. L1. [[https://www.l1nieuws.nl/entertainment/2676671/kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].))((NOS. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. NOS. [[https://nos.nl/regio/limburg/artikel/530758-kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].)). The Inspectare reported that the two employees "virtually only used dialect" during the 1.5 hour of inspection, while "the Limburgish dialect can never be the main language of instruction." ((GGD Zuid Limburg. (2024). //Inspectierapport Humpie Dumpie (KDV)// [Inspection report Humpie Dumpie (day care centre)]. Rijksoverheid Landelijk Register Kinderopvang. [[https://www.landelijkregisterkinderopvang.nl/pp/#/inspectierapport/a80649b5-8e26-4fc1-a991-d9f86bd21941/9bde8fc5-8466-4b9d-915e-c7085f2cc9e5]].)). The Inspectorate stated that Limburgish can only be used when it is written in the educational policy plan of the centre, and if it is used next to Dutch, for a maximum of 50% of the time((Benders, G. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. L1. [[https://www.l1nieuws.nl/entertainment/2676671/kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].))((NOS. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. NOS. [[https://nos.nl/regio/limburg/artikel/530758-kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].)).
-==Bilingual programmes==
-A pilot for bilingual education, "dialect in de Kinderopvang" [Dialect in day care] was held at several locations, coordinated by Levende Talen sectie Limburgs, from November 2023 to April 2024 ((Peuteropvang heerlen. (2023). //Meertaligheid stimuleert gebruik Nederlands// [Multilingualism stimulates use of Dutch]. [[https://peuteropvangheerlen.nl/pilot-limburgs-in-de-peuteropvang/]].)). A bilingual programme followed, with the Mascotte //Zjuulke// who stimulates the use of Limburgish. As of early 2025, nine groups (mainly toddler playgroups) participate in this programme ((Hoes veur ’t Limburgs. (n.d.). //Vuursjoeëlse edukasie// [pre-school education]. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/educatie/veursjoolse-educatie]].)).
-===primary & secondary education===
-Limburgish was taught (optionally) at up to 80 primary schools and up to 20 secondary schools in 2012 ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)), whereas in 2019, the Committee of Experts reported that Limburgish was taught at "some schools" ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2019, November 5). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Report of the Committee of Experts presented to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 16 of the Charter - Sixth Report, The Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/ecrml-netherlands-6th-evaluation-report/16809f023f]].)). In 2022, it is reported that some (primary) schools teach Limburgish via projects or after-school programmes. The Committee of Experts therefore made the recommendation for immediate action to "prepare a strategy to ensure the teaching and study of Limburgish as a subject at all levels of education and promote its use in preschool education" ((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
-Each year, Veldeke Limburg organises a poem recitation competition for children at primary schools, for group3/4 (6-8 year old), group 5/6 (8-10 year old), and group 7/8 (10-12 year old) ((Veldeke Limburg (n.d.). Declamatiewedstrijd. //Veldeke Limburg.// [[ https://www.veldeke.net/jeugd/declamatiewedstrijd/]].))((P&M. (2023, May 18).
-Kinderen dragen gedichten voor in dialect. //Omroep P&M// [[https://www.omroeppenm.nl/nieuws/uitgelicht/kinderen-dragen-gedichten-voor-in-dialect]].))
-===higher education===
-Since 2011, Prof Dr Leonie Cornips is professor 'Language Culture in Limburg' at the University of Maastricht (for 0,3 fte) ((Maastricht University. (n.d.). Prof Dr L.M.E.A. Cornips. //Maastricht University.//. [[https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/lmea-cornips]].))((Van Houten, M. (2011, September 1). Een nieuwe draai aan het Limburgs [Eng: a new turn for Limburgs]. //Trouw//. [[https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/een-nieuwe-draai-aan-het-limburgs~bb51a9c8/]].)).
 ----
@@ Line 246: / Line 248: @@
 ====Organisations====
+  * [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/|Het Hoes veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: The House for Limburgish) \\ A knowledge and expertise centre, an initiative of e.g. Raod veur ’t Limburgs, Veldeke Limburg and Levende Talen Limburgs, initiated in 2022, and supported by the Provincial government of Limburg. Its aim is to preserve Limburgish as a regional language, to promote its use and to strengthen its position in all areas of society.
+  * [[https://levendetalen.nl/talensecties/limburgs/|Levende Talen Limburgs]] (Eng: Teachers of Living Languages)\\ Teacher organisation which supports Limburgish in education (and other environments). It is a section of the larger educational organisation Levende Talen.
+  * [[https://limburgs.org/nl/|Limburgse Academie]] (Eng: Limburgish Academy)\\ A non-profit organistaion which develops digital language products and tools (e.g. online dictionaries, Swiftkey app)
+  *  [[https://hklimburg.nl/netwerk/raod-veur-t-limburgs|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: the Limburgish council) \\ Advisory committee for the Provincial Executive of the province of Limburg.
   * [[https://www.veldeke.net/|Veldeke Limburg]]\\ Umbrella organisation for language promotion, whith the aim to preserve and promote the language. Veldeke covers 10 circles in Limburg:
     * [[https://veldekekrinkech.nl/oos-taal/laeze-en-sjrieve/|Veldeke Krink Ech]] (NL: Echt). Also offers courses on the variety of Echt.
@@ Line 257: / Line 263: @@
     * [[http://www.veldeke.net/lb/veldeke-krink-heele-umstrieeke/|Veldeke Krink Heële]] (Nl: Heerlen)
     * [[https://www.veldekemestreech.nl/|Veldeke Mestreechs]] (Nl: Maastricht)
-  * [[https://hklimburg.nl/netwerk/raod-veur-t-limburgs|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: the Limburgish council) \\ Advisory committee for the Provincial Executive of the province of Limburg.
+  * [[https://vldn.be/|Vereniging Limburgse Dialect- en Naamkunde (VLDN)]] The association of Limburg Dialect and Onomastics
+  * [[https://willydolsstichting.nl/|Willy Dols Stichting]] Foundation for the Sittards/Zittesj variety.
   * [[https://hklimburg.nl/|Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg]] (Eng: House for the arts Limburg) is an advisory organisation and knowledge centre, with the aim to support arts and heritage in Limburg. The organisation advices the provincial government of Limburg on all subsidy applications concerning language.
-  * [[https://levendetalen.nl/talensecties/limburgs/|Levende Talen Limburgs]] (Eng: Teachers of Living Languages)\\ Teacher organisation which supports Limburgish in education (and other environments). It is a section of the larger educational organisation Levende Talen.
-  * [[https://limburgs.org/nl/|Limburgse Academie]] (Eng: Limburgish Academy)\\ A non-profit organistaion which develops digital language products and tools (e.g. online dictionaries, Swiftkey app)
-  * Het Hoes veur ’t Limburgs (Eng: The House for Limburgish) \\ A (future) knowledge and expertise centre, an initiative e.g. Raod veur ’t Limburgs, Veldeke Limburg and Levende Talen Limburgs, initiated in 2022.
 ====Online resources====