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languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2025/01/07 14:48] – [Financial support] ydwinelanguages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2025/06/18 10:24] (current) – [Language vitality according to:] ydwine
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 ==== Language vitality according to: ==== ==== Language vitality according to: ====
 ^  [[https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/netherlands/languages/limburgan|UNESCO]]  ^  [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lim/Ethnologue|Ethnologue]]  ^  [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10425|Endangered Languages]]  ^  [[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/limb1263|Glottolog]]  ^ ^  [[https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/netherlands/languages/limburgan|UNESCO]]  ^  [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lim/Ethnologue|Ethnologue]]  ^  [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10425|Endangered Languages]]  ^  [[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/limb1263|Glottolog]]  ^
-|  {{:endangerment:blue.png?nolink|Potentially vulnerable}}  |  {{:endangerment:blue.png?nolink|Stable}}  |  n/a  |  {{:endangerment:yellow.png?nolink|Threatened}}  |+|  {{:endangerment:cyan.png?nolink|Potentially vulnerable}}  |  {{:endangerment:blue.png?nolink|Stable}}  |  n/a  |  {{:endangerment:yellow.png?nolink|Threatened}}  | 
 +<sup> Click [[manual:colour_codes|here]] for a full overview of the language vitality colour codes. </sup>
 ==== Linguistic aspects: ===== ==== Linguistic aspects: =====
   * Classification: Indo-European → Germanic → West-Germanic → High German → Middle German → Middle Franconian → Ripuarian → Limburgish. For more information, see //limb1263// at [[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/limb1263|Glottolog]]   * Classification: Indo-European → Germanic → West-Germanic → High German → Middle German → Middle Franconian → Ripuarian → Limburgish. For more information, see //limb1263// at [[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/limb1263|Glottolog]]
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 However, varieties commonly are identified by the town/city ((Limburgse Academie. (n.d.). //Limburgse Taal.// [[https://limburgs.org/nl/limburgs/]].))((Frens Bakker. (1997). 'Wat is Limburgs?'. In // Onze Taal//, year 66, p.107-109 [[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa014199701_01/_taa014199701_01_0072.php]].)), such as: However, varieties commonly are identified by the town/city ((Limburgse Academie. (n.d.). //Limburgse Taal.// [[https://limburgs.org/nl/limburgs/]].))((Frens Bakker. (1997). 'Wat is Limburgs?'. In // Onze Taal//, year 66, p.107-109 [[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa014199701_01/_taa014199701_01_0072.php]].)), such as:
-  * Kerkrade: Kirchröadsj +  * Kerkrade: Kerkraads/Kirchröadsj 
-  * Maastricht: Mestreechs +  * Maastricht: Maastrichts/Mestreechs 
-  * Sittard: Zitterds  +  * Sittard: Sittards/Zitterds/Zittesj 
-  * Roermond: Remunjs +  * Roermond: Roermonds/Remunjs 
   * Venlo: Venloos    * Venlo: Venloos 
-  * Weert: Wieërtlands +  * Weert: Weerrtlands/Wieërtlands 
   * Region Valkenberg: Valkebergs, Bergs, Hölsbergs, Houtems, Subs, Sjins ((Diederen, E. en Lahey, M. (2008). Gemeinte Valkeberg aan de Geul. //veldeke-krink-valkeberg// [[http://www.veldeke-valkeberg.nl/valkenburg%20aan%20de%20geul.html.]].))   * Region Valkenberg: Valkebergs, Bergs, Hölsbergs, Houtems, Subs, Sjins ((Diederen, E. en Lahey, M. (2008). Gemeinte Valkeberg aan de Geul. //veldeke-krink-valkeberg// [[http://www.veldeke-valkeberg.nl/valkenburg%20aan%20de%20geul.html.]].))
  
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 ===== History of language education ===== ===== History of language education =====
  
-Since 1920, the national law on primary education has the provision that a regional language can be used as medium of instruction, besides Dutch ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)). To which extent this has been done, is difficult to retrace. In 2012, Limburgish was taught (optionally) at up to 80 primary schools and up to 20 secondary schools. However, it seems that these numbers have been declining, as in 2019, the Committee of Experts reported that Limburgish was taught at some schools((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)), and in 2022, it is reported that some (primary) schools teach Limburgish via projects or after-school programmes ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2022). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).+In 1937, the national Primary Education Act of 1920 (Lager Onderwijswet, 1920) was amended, and included the provision that "a regional language in living use" could be taught, alongside Dutch ((Riemersma, A.M.J., Robinson-Jones, C. (ed.), Scarse, Y.R. (ed.), Ybema, J. (ed.), Visser, M.(ed.), & Schukking, A.F. (ed.). (2024). //The Frisian language in education in the Netherlands //(5th ed.). (Regional Dossier series). Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://www.mercator-research.eu/regional-dossiers/frisian-netherlands/]].))((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). Since 1998, a regional language can also be used as language of instruction, alongside Dutch ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en schoolprestaties in Kerkrade. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.36-45), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817270/dialect.pdf]].)). To which extent this has been done, is difficult to retrace 
 + 
 +In 2012, Limburgish was taught (optionally) at up to 80 primary schools and up to 20 secondary schools. However, it seems that these numbers have been declining, as in 2019, the Committee of Experts reported that Limburgish was taught at some schools((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)), and in 2022, it is reported that some (primary) schools teach Limburgish via projects or after-school programmes ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2022). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
  
 ===language attitudes in school=== ===language attitudes in school===
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 In pre-school education, the [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0017017/2023-01-01/0|Wet Kinderopvang]] [Eng: Childcare Act] states that, when "a regional language which is in lively use", this language can be also be used as the medium of instruction, besides Dutch ((Wet Kinderopvang 2004 [Childcare Act]. (2004, July 9). [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0017017/2023-01-01/0]].)). This allows for the use of Limburgish, as underlined too in the Covenant on Limburgish language.  In pre-school education, the [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0017017/2023-01-01/0|Wet Kinderopvang]] [Eng: Childcare Act] states that, when "a regional language which is in lively use", this language can be also be used as the medium of instruction, besides Dutch ((Wet Kinderopvang 2004 [Childcare Act]. (2004, July 9). [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0017017/2023-01-01/0]].)). This allows for the use of Limburgish, as underlined too in the Covenant on Limburgish language. 
 +
 +As of January 2025, there is a legal requirement for employees to have a Dutch language certificate at B2 level according to the Common European Framework of Reference ((ministerie SZW, Ministerie OCW & Brancheorganisatie Kinderopvang. (2024, december 24). //De taaleis in de kinderopvang: Aantoonbaarheidseisen taaleis IKK en taaleis VE// [The language requirement in day care: requirements of demonstrability language requirement IKK and language requirement VE]. Overheid. [[https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/fd15d555-b0f8-46de-9329-d309fc2c74a2/file]].)). Employees who use Frisian or another language full time, are exempt for a Dutch certificate, but are required to have a certificate at B2 level for the language of instruction.
  
   * Primary school education (4-12 years)    * Primary school education (4-12 years) 
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   * Secondary school education (12-16/18 years)   * Secondary school education (12-16/18 years)
-Until August 2022, the //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// [Secondary Education Act] stated the same construction as pre-school and primary education, namely that regional language variety "which is in lively use" can be used as medium of instruction, alongside Dutch. However, this passage no longer is included in the current [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-08-01|Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020]] [Secondary Education Act 2020]. The Act does allow to deviate from Dutch as language of instruction when the subject is about another language, or when it is necessary to do so for pupils because of their linguistic background ((Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020, BWBR0044212 [Secondary Education Act of 2020]. (2020, September 30). Retrieved Octobe 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-01-01/0]].)).+Until August 2022, the //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// [Secondary Education Act] stated the same construction as pre-school and primary education, namely that regional language variety "which is in lively use" can be used as medium of instruction, alongside Dutch. However, this passage no longer is included in the current [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-08-01|Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020]] [Secondary Education Act 2020]. The Act does allow to deviate from Dutch as language of instruction when the subject is about another language, or when it is necessary to do so for pupils because of their linguistic background ((Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020, BWBR0044212 [Secondary Education Act of 2020]. (2020, September 30). Retrieved Octobe 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-01-01/0]].)). Nevertheless, the Dutch government continues to state on their website that it is possible and allowed to teach Limburgish in secondary education ((Rijksoverheid. (n.d.). //Wanneer mag ik het Limburgs gebruiken? // [When may I use Limburgish?]. Retrieved 2025, March 18, from [[https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/vraag-en-antwoord/wanneer-limburgs-gebruiken))]].)).
  
  
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 ====Institutional support==== ====Institutional support====
  
-Since 2001, the [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Raod veur ’t Limburgs]] and a //streektaalfunctionaris// (Eng: regional language officer; via [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg]]) have been appointed to promote the Limburgish language((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)).+Limburgish language education is promoted and supported by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#Organisations|several organisations]], which receive subsidy from the province of Limburg. After its recognition under part II of the ECRML, the [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Raod veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: the Limburgish council) and a //streektaalfunctionaris// (Eng: regional language officer; via [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg]]) have been appointed to promote the Limburgish language since 2001((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)). Since 2022, the provincial government of Limburg has supported the (establishement) and organisation of //'t Hoes veur ‘t Limburgs// [ENG: the House for Limburgish]], including €60.000 for an educational employee((Van Hoof, J. (2022, July 4). Provinciale subsidie: Hoes veur ‘t Limburgs stap dichterbij [Eng: Provincial subsidy: Hoes veur 't Limburgs one step closer]]. //1Limburg//. [[https://www.1limburg.nl/nieuws/1778988/provinciale-subsidie-hoes-veur-t-limburgs-stap-dichterbij]]))((Hover, H. (2022, October 5). Hoes veur 't Limburgs in oprichting [Eng: Hoes veur 't Limburgs being established]. //1Limburg//. [[https://www.1limburg.nl/entertainment/1856837/hoes-veur-t-limburgs-in-oprichting]].)). 
  
-In 2005, some teaching materials up to grade 5 in primary school were developed by the [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Road veur ‘t Limburgs]] and //het Bureau Streektaal Nederlands-Limburg// (Eng: Bureau for the regional language Dutch-Limburg)((Limburgse Dialecten. (n.d.). //Educatie//. Limburgse Dialecten. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/limburgs.html#educatie]].)) ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)). These materials mainly concern attitudes towards different languages, including Limburgish, and only to a lesser extent learning the Limburgish language ((Limburgse Dialecten. (n.d.). //Educatie//. Limburgse Dialecten. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/limburgs.html#educatie]].)). The materials are available in different dialects of Limburgish and in Dutch.((Limburgse Dialecten. (n.d.). //Educatie//. Limburgse Dialecten. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/limburgs.html#educatie]].)).+The //Raod veur ’t Limburgs// is an advisory committee for the Provincial Council of Limburg. As such, it does research and gives advice regarding the recognition of the language and its the implementation. Moreover, it initiates projects to raise language awareness. In doing so, //Raod veur ’t Limburgs// often cooperates with //Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg//. This advisory organisation and knowledge centre has a focus on arts and heritage in Limburg, and as such, advices the Provincial Council of Limburg on all subsidy applications regarding language. The //Hoes veur 't Limburgs// is the newest addition, and is a knowledge and expertise centre regarding Limburgish. It is a cooperation of several language organisations, including //Veldeke Limburg// - an umbrella organisation for language promotion, the //Raod veur ’t Limburgs//, the //Limbörgse Academie// [ENG: Limburgish Acadamy] - A non-profit organistaion which develops digital language products and tools, //Levende Talen Limburgs// [ENG:Living Languages Limburgish] - The Limburgish section of the language teacher association, //Vereniging Limburgse Dialect- en Naamkunde (VLDN) [ENG: Association of Limburg Dialect and Onomastics]//, and the //Willy Dols Stichting// [ENG: Willy Dols Foundation] - a foundation for the Sittards/Zittesj  variety.
  
-For grade 6 and higher there is a teaching brochure called 'Limburgs op de kaart'((Limburgse Dialecten. (n.d.). //Educatie//. Limburgse Dialecten. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/limburgs.html#educatie]].)). It explains the different characteristics of the varieties in Limburgish. Its aim is to make the pupils aware of the differences between varieties in Limburgish and contributing to a positive attitude towards Limburgish((Limburgse Dialecten. (n.d.). //Educatie//. Limburgse Dialecten. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/limburgs.html#educatie]].)). Online, there is also some inspiration material available for teachers.  
- 
-For secondary education materials exist for grade 9 and directed at all the different educational levels present in the Netherlands (Vwo, Havo and Vmbo). The materials were developed for both Limburgish as well as non-Limburgish speaking pupils ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)). 
- 
-The Province of Limburg subsidized a course developed for Higher Vocational Education. This course was named “Limburgs Dialect” or” Liergank Limburgs”. The aim was to make Limburgish also accepted during administrative meetings ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)). 
 ====Financial support==== ====Financial support====
  
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 The provincial government of Limburg provides subsidies for organisations, e.g. [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Veldeke Limburg]]((Veldeke Limburg. (2022). //Begroting Veldeke 2022 // [Eng:  budget estimate Veldeke 2022]. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Begroting-2022.pdf]].)), [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Limburgse Academie]]((Limburgse Academie (n.d.). //Limburgse Academie//. [[https://limburgs.org/nl/over-ons/]].)), and [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg]] ((Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg. (2022). //Wat Limburg raakt...wat Limburg verbindt...Jaarplan en begroting 2022 - Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg// [Eng: What moves Limburg...what connects Limburg...Annual plan and budget 2022). [[https://hklimburg.nl/sites/default/files/inline-files/Jaarplan%20%26%20Begroting%202022%20%20-%20Huis%20voor%20de%20Kunsten%20Limburg.pdf]].)). In 2022, it was announced that the provincial government of Limburg would structually support [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|'t Hoes veur ‘t Limburgs]], with €75,000 for an educational and a communications worker; more funding should come from municipalities and the national government  ((Van Hoof, J. (2022, July 4). Provinciale subsidie: Hoes veur ‘t Limburgs stap dichterbij [Eng: Provincial subsidy: Hoes veur 't Limburgs one step closer]]. //1Limburg//. [[https://www.1limburg.nl/nieuws/1778988/provinciale-subsidie-hoes-veur-t-limburgs-stap-dichterbij]]))((Hover, H. (2022, October 5). Hoes veur 't Limburgs in oprichting [Eng: Hoes veur 't Limburgs being established]. //1Limburg//. [[https://www.1limburg.nl/entertainment/1856837/hoes-veur-t-limburgs-in-oprichting]].)). Education is a legal responsibility for the national government, not the province of Limburg, and in relation to this, the deputy for heritage in Limburg, stated to be dissapointed by the amount of financing for the Limburgish language by the national government, which was a single incidental subsidy of €25,000 ((Van Rijsingen, H. & Jansen, C. (2022, November 26). Waarom Limburg meer geld wil om het dialect te behouden: 'Friesland krijgt miljoenen, wij maar paar duizend euro' [Eng: Why Limburg wants more money to preserve the dialect: 'Friesland gets millions, we only get a few thousand euros'].//Eenvandaag//. [[https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/item/waarom-limburg-meer-geld-wil-om-dialect-te-behouden-friesland-krijgt-miljarden-wij-maar-paar-duizend-euro/]].)). In April 2023, an open letter written by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Hoes veur ’t Limburgs]] was sent to the provincial government of Limburg with the call for adequate financial support((Hoes veur ’t Limburgs. (2023, April 21). Open brief Limburgse taal [Eng: open letter about Limburgish language. [[http://www.eblt.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Open-Brief-aan-het-Limburgs-Parlement.pdf]].)). The provincial government of Limburg provides subsidies for organisations, e.g. [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Veldeke Limburg]]((Veldeke Limburg. (2022). //Begroting Veldeke 2022 // [Eng:  budget estimate Veldeke 2022]. [[https://www.veldeke.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Begroting-2022.pdf]].)), [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Limburgse Academie]]((Limburgse Academie (n.d.). //Limburgse Academie//. [[https://limburgs.org/nl/over-ons/]].)), and [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg]] ((Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg. (2022). //Wat Limburg raakt...wat Limburg verbindt...Jaarplan en begroting 2022 - Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg// [Eng: What moves Limburg...what connects Limburg...Annual plan and budget 2022). [[https://hklimburg.nl/sites/default/files/inline-files/Jaarplan%20%26%20Begroting%202022%20%20-%20Huis%20voor%20de%20Kunsten%20Limburg.pdf]].)). In 2022, it was announced that the provincial government of Limburg would structually support [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|'t Hoes veur ‘t Limburgs]], with €75,000 for an educational and a communications worker; more funding should come from municipalities and the national government  ((Van Hoof, J. (2022, July 4). Provinciale subsidie: Hoes veur ‘t Limburgs stap dichterbij [Eng: Provincial subsidy: Hoes veur 't Limburgs one step closer]]. //1Limburg//. [[https://www.1limburg.nl/nieuws/1778988/provinciale-subsidie-hoes-veur-t-limburgs-stap-dichterbij]]))((Hover, H. (2022, October 5). Hoes veur 't Limburgs in oprichting [Eng: Hoes veur 't Limburgs being established]. //1Limburg//. [[https://www.1limburg.nl/entertainment/1856837/hoes-veur-t-limburgs-in-oprichting]].)). Education is a legal responsibility for the national government, not the province of Limburg, and in relation to this, the deputy for heritage in Limburg, stated to be dissapointed by the amount of financing for the Limburgish language by the national government, which was a single incidental subsidy of €25,000 ((Van Rijsingen, H. & Jansen, C. (2022, November 26). Waarom Limburg meer geld wil om het dialect te behouden: 'Friesland krijgt miljoenen, wij maar paar duizend euro' [Eng: Why Limburg wants more money to preserve the dialect: 'Friesland gets millions, we only get a few thousand euros'].//Eenvandaag//. [[https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/item/waarom-limburg-meer-geld-wil-om-dialect-te-behouden-friesland-krijgt-miljarden-wij-maar-paar-duizend-euro/]].)). In April 2023, an open letter written by [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Hoes veur ’t Limburgs]] was sent to the provincial government of Limburg with the call for adequate financial support((Hoes veur ’t Limburgs. (2023, April 21). Open brief Limburgse taal [Eng: open letter about Limburgish language. [[http://www.eblt.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Open-Brief-aan-het-Limburgs-Parlement.pdf]].)).
  
-A major shift came in 2024, when an annual budget of 1.1 million euros was appointed to Limburgish, above existing funding for organisations, in light of the provincial policy plan [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/885/Uitvoeringsprogramma-Limburgse-taal-2025-2027.pdf|Same veur ’t Limburgs 2025-2027]]. Annually, €200,000 is budgeted for Limburgish in pre-school education, schools and (general) education, and €100,000 for academic knowledge ((Provincie Limburg. (2024). //Same veur 't Limburgs 2025-2027: Uitvoeringsprogramma Limburgse taal 2025-2027// [Together for Limburgish 2025-2027: implementation plan for Limburgish 2025-2027]. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/885/Uitvoeringsprogramma-Limburgse-taal-2025-2027.pdf]].)).+A major shift came in 2024, when an annual budget of 1.1 million euros was appointed to Limburgish, above existing funding for organisations, in light of the provincial policy plan [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/885/Uitvoeringsprogramma-Limburgse-taal-2025-2027.pdf|Same veur ’t Limburgs 2025-2027]]. In this period, €200,000 is budgeted for Limburgish in pre-school education, schools and (general) education, and €100,000 for academic knowledge per year((Provincie Limburg. (2024). //Same veur 't Limburgs 2025-2027: Uitvoeringsprogramma Limburgse taal 2025-2027// [Together for Limburgish 2025-2027: implementation plan for Limburgish 2025-2027]. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/885/Uitvoeringsprogramma-Limburgse-taal-2025-2027.pdf]].)).
  
-====Language learning materials====+===== Education presence =====
  
-Via projects and initiatives, learning materials have been made available. However, a survey (N=39) in 2021 showed that most teachers indicated a need for (more) Limburgish educational resources, and that most are not sufficiently aware of the existing materials ((Huisman, L.M. (2021, July). //Limburgs in ’t oonderwies: kwatsj of zjus nuudig? A study on the attitudes of primary school teachers towards using Limburgish in the classroom//  [Master thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen]. [[https://limburgs.levendetalen.nl/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2022/05/Master-Thesis-Lieke-Huisman.pdf]].)). Moreover, the Committee of Experts of the ECRML stated in 2022, that there is a lack of dedicated financial support to develop learning materials ((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).+===pre-school education===
  
-===Pre-school education=== +In 2012, the Committee of Experts on the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|ECRML]] reported that in pre-school education, Limburgish is "is only occasionally used" and that structured approach regarding the use of Limburgish is absent ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)). In 2022, the Committee of Experts reported that some childcare organisations (e.g. Spelenderwijs) use Limburgish as medium of instruction, but this is not standard((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
-  * Piepekoek (Eng: peekaboo). \\ Short animated videos for chidlren in pre-school education. Developed by Raod veur 't Limburgs in 2018.+
  
 +A 2022 survey among employees at pre-school education locations (e.g. day care centres, toddler playgroups, after school care groups) showed that 68.0% of the respondents (N=485) use Limburgish with the children, most of them use the language often, mainly during playtime (77.5%) and individually with children (75.4) as opposed to during reading or instruction (5.5%) and in plenary sessions (0.9%)  ((Van Dongen, J. (2022). //Onderzoek Limburgse Taal in de kinderopvang// [powerpoint presentation; a survey on Limburgish in day care]. MIK & PIW groep, Zuyd Hogeschool. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/168/Resultaten-onderzoek-Limburgse-taal-in-de-kinderopvang.pdf]].)). Reasons for employees to refrain from using the language are e.g. not speaking the language themselves (19.0%), children who do not speak Limburgish (43.2%), not knowing whether it is allowed to use the language (9.5%) or resistance from colleagues or the organisation to do so (9.3%). A need for more teaching materials was reported by 42.7% of the respondents, as well as a need for more information about the advantages to use Limburgish (39.7%)((Van Dongen, J. (2022). //Onderzoek Limburgse Taal in de kinderopvang// [powerpoint presentation; a survey on Limburgish in day care]. MIK & PIW groep, Zuyd Hogeschool. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/168/Resultaten-onderzoek-Limburgse-taal-in-de-kinderopvang.pdf]].)). 
  
-===Primary edcation=== +Besides a lack of teaching materials, centres can be confronted with more challenges to use the language. In 2024, the day care centre  Humpie Dumpie came into news, as the Inspectorate (GGD) gave a negative review for the use of Limburgish ((Benders, G. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. L1. [[https://www.l1nieuws.nl/entertainment/2676671/kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].))((NOS. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. NOS. [[https://nos.nl/regio/limburg/artikel/530758-kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].)). The Inspectare reported that the two employees "virtually only used dialect" during the 1.5 hour of inspection, while "the Limburgish dialect can never be the main language of instruction." ((GGD Zuid Limburg. (2024). //Inspectierapport Humpie Dumpie (KDV)// [Inspection report Humpie Dumpie (day care centre)]. Rijksoverheid Landelijk Register Kinderopvang. [[https://www.landelijkregisterkinderopvang.nl/pp/#/inspectierapport/a80649b5-8e26-4fc1-a991-d9f86bd21941/9bde8fc5-8466-4b9d-915e-c7085f2cc9e5]].)). The Inspectorate stated that Limburgish can only be used when it is written in the educational policy plan of the centre, and if it is used next to Dutch, for a maximum of 50% of the time((Benders, G. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. L1. [[https://www.l1nieuws.nl/entertainment/2676671/kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].))((NOS. (2024, June 21). //Kinderopvang op de vingers getikt vanwege dialectgebruik// [Childcare centre reprimanded for use of dialect]. NOS. [[https://nos.nl/regio/limburg/artikel/530758-kinderopvang-op-de-vingers-getikt-vanwege-dialectgebruik]].)).
-  * //Lesbrieven// (Eng: teaching materials) \\ Thematic educational materials (in Dutch) to learn about Limburgish language, culture and/or history, aimed at the highest classes of primary education (11-12 years old) (2007-2016) ((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d.). Lesbrieven. //Veldeke Limburg//. [[https://www.veldeke.net/jeugd/lesbrieven/]].)) +
-  * //Dien eige taol/ Dien eige taal/ Dien Eigen Taal//  (in order: Mestreechs,Remunjs, Venloos; Eng: your own language) \\ This book (2005-2006) was made available  in several Limburgish varieties, developed by the Buro Streektaol Nederlands-Limbörgs (Eng: Bureau for the regional language Dutch-Limburgish) ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)). +
-  * //Verhäölkes in ós Limburgs plat// \\ A story book with 26 tales which was published in 2020 in the varieties of Echs, Remunjs, Zitterds, Susterens, Valkebergs, Venrods en Wieërtlands, and a version with the stories in the original Limburgish variety. The book was developed by Veldeke Limburg. De Raod veur ’t Limburgs co-financed the publication, and made one copy available for each library. Veldeke Limburg aimed to make a copy available for a hundred schools ((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d.). Verhäölkes in ós Limburgs plat. //Veldeke Limburg.// [[https://www.veldeke.net/verhaolkes-in-os-limburgs-plat/]].)) +
-  * //KinjerKraom// (Eng: Children's booth) \\ a tv-programme which ran from 1997-2013 (800 episodes), with two teachers as presenters and the character Jippe ((Kinjerkraom. (n.d.). De KinjerKraom. //Kinjerkraom. // [[http://www.kinjerkraom.nl/]].)) +
-  * //Limburgs op de kaart// (Eng; Limburgish on the map) \\ A folder developed by De Raod veur 't Limburgs in 2007, and distributed for free to schools in Limburg ((1Limburg. (2007, October 12). Raod veur 't Limburgs komt met dialectenkaart. //1Limburg.// [[https://l1.nl/raod-veur-t-limburgs-komt-met-dialectenkaart-114741?pagina=39]].))+
  
-===Secondary education=== 
-  *//Wiejer in dien eige taal// (Eng: Further in your own language) \\ This book was made available in several Limburgish varieties (Remunjs, Zitterds, Gelaens) in 2006, and was developed by the Buro Streektaol Nederlands-Limbörgs, with a focus on students aged 14-15 years (Limburgse Dialecten. (n.d.). Limburgs. //Limburgse Dialecten.// [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/limburgs.html]].)) 
  
-===Higher/ Vocational education===+==Bilingual programmes==
  
-  * //Liergank Limburgs// (Eng: course on Limburgish) \\ A course 'Limburgs Dialect’ or ‘Liergank Limburgs’ (2003). ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)) +A pilot for bilingual education, "dialect in de Kinderopvang" [Dialect in day care] was held at several locations, coordinated by Levende Talen sectie Limburgs, from November 2023 to April 2024 ((Peuteropvang heerlen. (2023). //Meertaligheid stimuleert gebruik Nederlands// [Multilingualism stimulates use of Dutch]. [[https://peuteropvangheerlen.nl/pilot-limburgs-in-de-peuteropvang/]].)). A bilingual programme followed, with the Mascotte //Zjuulke// who stimulates the use of Limburgish. As of early 2025, nine groups (mainly toddler playgroups) participate in this programme ((Hoes veur ’t Limburgs. (n.d.). //Vuursjoeëlse edukasie// [pre-school education]. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/educatie/veursjoolse-educatie]].)). 
-===== Education presence =====+
  
-===pre-school education=== 
- 
-In 2012, the Committee of Experts on the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|ECRML]] reported that in pre-school education, Limburgish is "is only occasionally used" and that structured approach regarding the use of Limburgish is absent ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)). In 2022, the Committee of Experts reported that some childcare organisations (e.g. Spelenderwijs) use Limburgish as medium of instruction, but this is not standard((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)). 
  
 ===primary & secondary education=== ===primary & secondary education===
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 Since 2011, Prof Dr Leonie Cornips is professor 'Language Culture in Limburg' at the University of Maastricht (for 0,3 fte) ((Maastricht University. (n.d.). Prof Dr L.M.E.A. Cornips. //Maastricht University.//. [[https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/lmea-cornips]].))((Van Houten, M. (2011, September 1). Een nieuwe draai aan het Limburgs [Eng: a new turn for Limburgs]. //Trouw//. [[https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/een-nieuwe-draai-aan-het-limburgs~bb51a9c8/]].)). Since 2011, Prof Dr Leonie Cornips is professor 'Language Culture in Limburg' at the University of Maastricht (for 0,3 fte) ((Maastricht University. (n.d.). Prof Dr L.M.E.A. Cornips. //Maastricht University.//. [[https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/lmea-cornips]].))((Van Houten, M. (2011, September 1). Een nieuwe draai aan het Limburgs [Eng: a new turn for Limburgs]. //Trouw//. [[https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/een-nieuwe-draai-aan-het-limburgs~bb51a9c8/]].)).
 +
 +====Language learning materials====
 +
 +
 +Teaching materials are often developed by organisations and/or in light of certain projects. Organisations and project teams that have created materials for primary education are e.g. //Road veur ‘t Limburgs, Buro Streektaol Nederlands-Limbörgs// (ENG: Bureau for the regional language Dutch-Limburgish), // 3M-project, Meer kansen Met Meertaligheid//, and //Veldeke Limburg//.
 +
 +
 +===Pre-school education===
 +
 +  * //Piepekoek// [ENG: peekaboo]. \\ Short animated videos for chidlren in pre-school education. Developed by Raod veur 't Limburgs in 2018.
 +  * //Zjuulke// \\ Zjuulke is a toddler who invites everyone to use Limburgish, and promotes bilingual education. 
 +
 +A 2022 survey among pre-school education staff showed that there is a need for more teaching materials, reported by 42.7% of the respondents, as well as a need for more information about the advantages to use Limburgish (39.7%)((Van Dongen, J. (2022). //Onderzoek Limburgse Taal in de kinderopvang// [powerpoint presentation; a survey on Limburgish in day care]. MIK & PIW groep, Zuyd Hogeschool. [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/storage/168/Resultaten-onderzoek-Limburgse-taal-in-de-kinderopvang.pdf]].)). 
 +
 +===Primary education===
 +
 +
 +  * //KinjerKraom// (Eng: Children's booth) \\ a tv-programme which ran from 1997-2013 (800 episodes), with two teachers as presenters and the character Jippe ((Kinjerkraom. (n.d.). De KinjerKraom. //Kinjerkraom. // [[http://www.kinjerkraom.nl/]].))
 +  * //Limburgse Dialecten// [ENG: Limburgish dialects] \\ In 2005, some teaching materials up to grade 5 (8-9 year old) were developed by the [[languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands#organisations|Road veur ‘t Limburgs]] and //het Bureau Streektaal Nederlands-Limburg// (Eng: Bureau for the regional language Dutch-Limburg)((Limburgse Dialecten. (n.d.). //Educatie//. Limburgse Dialecten. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/limburgs.html#educatie]].)) ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].)). These materials mainly concern attitudes towards different languages, including Limburgish, and only to a lesser extent learning the Limburgish language ((Limburgse Dialecten. (n.d.). //Educatie//. Limburgse Dialecten. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/limburgs.html#educatie]].)). The materials are available in different dialects of Limburgish and in Dutch.((Limburgse Dialecten. (n.d.). //Educatie//. Limburgse Dialecten. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/limburgs.html#educatie]].)).
 +  * //Dien eige taol/ Dien eige taal/ Dien Eigen Taal//  (in order: Mestreechs,Remunjs, Venloos; Eng: your own language) \\ This book (2005-2006) was made available  in several Limburgish varieties, developed by the Buro Streektaol Nederlands-Limbörgs (Eng: Bureau for the regional language Dutch-Limburgish) ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/16806d8e11]].)).
 +  *  //Limburgs op de kaart// (Eng; Limburgish on the map) \\ A folder developed by De Raod veur 't Limburgs in 2007, and distributed for free to schools in Limburg ((1Limburg. (2007, October 12). Raod veur 't Limburgs komt met dialectenkaart. //1Limburg.// [[https://l1.nl/raod-veur-t-limburgs-komt-met-dialectenkaart-114741?pagina=39]].))It explains the different characteristics of the varieties in Limburgish. Its aim is to make the pupils aware of the differences between varieties in Limburgish and contributing to a positive attitude towards Limburgish((Limburgse Dialecten. (n.d.). //Educatie//. Limburgse Dialecten. [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/limburgs.html#educatie]].)).
 +  * //Lesbrieven// (Eng: teaching materials) \\ Between 2007-2016, the //lesbrieven // were created by Veldeke Limburg. These are thematic educational materials (in Dutch) to learn about Limburgish language, culture and/or history, aimed at the highest classes of primary education (11-12 years old) ((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d.). Lesbrieven. //Veldeke Limburg//. [[https://www.veldeke.net/jeugd/lesbrieven/]].))
 +  * //Verhäölkes in ós Limburgs plat// [ENG: stories in Limburgish] \\ A story book with 26 tales which was published in 2020 in the varieties of Echs, Remunjs, Zitterds, Susterens, Valkebergs, Venrods en Wieërtlands, and a version with the stories in the original Limburgish variety. The book was developed by Veldeke Limburg. De Raod veur ’t Limburgs co-financed the publication, and made one copy available for each library. Veldeke Limburg aimed to make a copy available for a hundred schools ((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d.). Verhäölkes in ós Limburgs plat. //Veldeke Limburg.// [[https://www.veldeke.net/verhaolkes-in-os-limburgs-plat/]].))
 +  * //3M-project// \\ In 2017-2021, materials in several languages, including Limburgisch were creater for the [[https://sites.google.com/view/3mlimburg/homepage?authuser=0|3M project]] (//Meer kansen Met Meertaligheid//, ENG: More Opportunities with Multilingualism), led by NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences. The Limburgish materials are available for all grades in primary school. The project aims to welcome both LImburgish and multilingualism in the classroom. 
 +
 +
 +A 2021 survey (N=39) showed that most teachers indicated a need for (more) Limburgish educational resources, and that most are not sufficiently aware of the existing materials ((Huisman, L.M. (2021, July). //Limburgs in ’t oonderwies: kwatsj of zjus nuudig? A study on the attitudes of primary school teachers towards using Limburgish in the classroom//  [Master thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen]. [[https://limburgs.levendetalen.nl/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2022/05/Master-Thesis-Lieke-Huisman.pdf]].)). Moreover, the Committee of Experts of the ECRML stated in 2022, that there is a lack of dedicated financial support to develop learning materials ((Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (2022, November 18). //7th evaluation report on the Netherlands.// Council of Europe. [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandsecrml7-en/1680aa8930]].)).
 +
 +===Secondary education===
 +
 +  *//Wiejer in dien eige taal// (Eng: Further in your own language) \\ This book was made available in several Limburgish varieties (Remunjs, Zitterds, Gelaens) in 2006, and was developed by the Buro Streektaol Nederlands-Limbörgs, with a focus on students aged 14-15 years (Limburgse Dialecten. (n.d.). Limburgs. //Limburgse Dialecten.// [[http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/limburgs.html]].))
 +
 +===Higher/ Vocational education===
 +
 +  * //Liergank Limburgs// (Eng: course on Limburgish) \\ A course 'Limburgs Dialect’ or ‘Liergank Limburgs’ (2003).The aim was to make Limburgish also accepted during administrative meetings  ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect in Limburg. In //Dialect en school in Limburg// (p.11-32), Studies in Meertaligheid, 5. [[https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/817287/diallimb.pdf]].))
  
 ---- ----
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 ====Organisations==== ====Organisations====
  
 +  * [[https://hoesveurtlimburgs.nl/|Het Hoes veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: The House for Limburgish) \\ A knowledge and expertise centre, an initiative of e.g. Raod veur ’t Limburgs, Veldeke Limburg and Levende Talen Limburgs, initiated in 2022, and supported by the Provincial government of Limburg. Its aim is to preserve Limburgish as a regional language, to promote its use and to strengthen its position in all areas of society. 
 +  * [[https://levendetalen.nl/talensecties/limburgs/|Levende Talen Limburgs]] (Eng: Teachers of Living Languages)\\ Teacher organisation which supports Limburgish in education (and other environments). It is a section of the larger educational organisation Levende Talen. 
 +  * [[https://limburgs.org/nl/|Limburgse Academie]] (Eng: Limburgish Academy)\\ A non-profit organistaion which develops digital language products and tools (e.g. online dictionaries, Swiftkey app) 
 +  *  [[https://hklimburg.nl/netwerk/raod-veur-t-limburgs|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: the Limburgish council) \\ Advisory committee for the Provincial Executive of the province of Limburg.
   * [[https://www.veldeke.net/|Veldeke Limburg]]\\ Umbrella organisation for language promotion, whith the aim to preserve and promote the language. Veldeke covers 10 circles in Limburg:   * [[https://www.veldeke.net/|Veldeke Limburg]]\\ Umbrella organisation for language promotion, whith the aim to preserve and promote the language. Veldeke covers 10 circles in Limburg:
     * [[https://veldekekrinkech.nl/oos-taal/laeze-en-sjrieve/|Veldeke Krink Ech]] (NL: Echt). Also offers courses on the variety of Echt.     * [[https://veldekekrinkech.nl/oos-taal/laeze-en-sjrieve/|Veldeke Krink Ech]] (NL: Echt). Also offers courses on the variety of Echt.
Line 235: Line 263:
     * [[http://www.veldeke.net/lb/veldeke-krink-heele-umstrieeke/|Veldeke Krink Heële]] (Nl: Heerlen)     * [[http://www.veldeke.net/lb/veldeke-krink-heele-umstrieeke/|Veldeke Krink Heële]] (Nl: Heerlen)
     * [[https://www.veldekemestreech.nl/|Veldeke Mestreechs]] (Nl: Maastricht)     * [[https://www.veldekemestreech.nl/|Veldeke Mestreechs]] (Nl: Maastricht)
-  * [[https://hklimburg.nl/netwerk/raod-veur-t-limburgs|De Raod veur ’t Limburgs]] (Eng: the Limburgish council) \\ Advisory committee for the Provincial Executive of the province of Limburg.+  * [[https://vldn.be/|Vereniging Limburgse Dialect- en Naamkunde (VLDN)]] The association of Limburg Dialect and Onomastics 
 +  * [[https://willydolsstichting.nl/|Willy Dols Stichting]] Foundation for the Sittards/Zittesj variety. 
   * [[https://hklimburg.nl/|Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg]] (Eng: House for the arts Limburg) is an advisory organisation and knowledge centre, with the aim to support arts and heritage in Limburg. The organisation advices the provincial government of Limburg on all subsidy applications concerning language.     * [[https://hklimburg.nl/|Huis voor de Kunsten Limburg]] (Eng: House for the arts Limburg) is an advisory organisation and knowledge centre, with the aim to support arts and heritage in Limburg. The organisation advices the provincial government of Limburg on all subsidy applications concerning language.  
-  * [[https://levendetalen.nl/talensecties/limburgs/|Levende Talen Limburgs]] (Eng: Teachers of Living Languages)\\ Teacher organisation which supports Limburgish in education (and other environments). It is a section of the larger educational organisation Levende Talen.  + 
-  * [[https://limburgs.org/nl/|Limburgse Academie]] (Eng: Limburgish Academy)\\ A non-profit organistaion which develops digital language products and tools (e.g. online dictionaries, Swiftkey app)  +
-  * Het Hoes veur ’t Limburgs (Eng: The House for Limburgish) \\ A (future) knowledge and expertise centre, an initiative e.g. Raod veur ’t Limburgs, Veldeke Limburg and Levende Talen Limburgs, initiated in 2022.  +
  
 ====Online resources==== ====Online resources====
languages/limburgish_in_the_netherlands.1736257688.txt.gz · Last modified: 2025/01/07 14:48 by ydwine