languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands
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languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands [2020/03/23 13:57] – [Educational materials for preschool] ydwine | languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands [2025/06/18 10:22] (current) – [Language vitality:] ydwine | ||
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==== Language vitality: ==== | ==== Language vitality: ==== | ||
- | ^ [[http://www.unesco.org/ | + | ^ [[https://en.wal.unesco.org/ |
- | | {{ : | + | | {{ : |
+ | <sup> Click [[manual: | ||
==== Linguistic aspects: ===== | ==== Linguistic aspects: ===== | ||
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* Script: Latin. | * Script: Latin. | ||
- | ==== Language | + | ==== Language |
- | Frisian has a [[general_information: | + | |
+ | Frisian has a standardised spelling, which is under authority of the Province of Fryslân since 1969. The Province commissions the [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Dictionaries== | ||
+ | Several dictionaries are available, such as Dutch-Frisian and Frisian-Dutch dictionaries, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Historical development== | ||
+ | There have been various formulations of standardised spellings: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Old-Frisian (c. 1200-1550): Old Frisian shows shared norms and spelling, though no grammars or dictionaries codified these. | ||
+ | * Mid-Frisian (1550-1800): | ||
+ | * Modern-Frisian (1800-now): There have been several suggested spelling formats, for example: The Brothers Joast Hiddes Halbertsma (1789-1869) and Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma (1797-1858) published in Frisian and in doing so, formed a spelling close to the vernacular (similar to Gysbert Japicx). Harmen Sytstra (1817-1862) developed the // | ||
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==== Language Area ==== | ==== Language Area ==== | ||
- | Frisian is spoken in large parts of Fryslân, one of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. | + | Frisian is part of the Frisian language family, devided into Western Frisian (Frisian) in the Netherlands, |
+ | Frisian is spoken in large parts of the province | ||
- | <olmap id=" | + | Within the province, three main varieties of Frisian can be distinguished((De Jong, G. & Hoekstra, E. (2015). //A general introduction to Frisian//. Taalportaal. [[https:// |
+ | * Clay Frisian, // | ||
+ | * Forest Frisian, // | ||
+ | * Southwestern variety, // | ||
+ | In figure 2, the varieties are shown on the map with the Dutch names (// | ||
+ | |||
+ | <olmap id=" | ||
+ | 53.14, 5.86, | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | < | ||
- | </ | ||
==== Speaker numbers ==== | ==== Speaker numbers ==== | ||
- | === Census of 2015: Proficiency in the Frisian language in the province of Fryslân: === | ||
- | ^Can speak ^Can understand ^Can write ^Total population ^ | ||
- | |67% | 94% (44,439) | 15%| 646.000 | | ||
- | |||
- | Source: | ||
- | |||
- | === Percentage of Frisians that speak the Frisian language in different age classes: === | ||
- | {{{{: | ||
+ | It is estimated that there are around 450,000 Frisian speakers((De Jong, G. & Hoekstra, E. (2015). //A general introduction to Frisian//. Taalportaal. [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | === Language skills === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The periodic surveys give an indication for Frisian language skills within the province of Fryslân. In table 1, the percentages of people who mark their Frisian language skills to be good or very good are shown. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ^survey ^Can understand ^ Can speak ^ Can read ^ Can write ^ | ||
+ | | 2015((Provinsje Fryslân. (2015). //Fryske Taalatlas 2015// | ||
+ | | 2018((Klinkenberg, | ||
+ | | 2020((Provinsje Fryslân. (2020). //Fryske Taalatlas 2020// [Frisian Language Atlas 2020]. Provinsje Fryslân.[[https:// | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | |||
---- | ---- | ||
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===== History of language education: ===== | ===== History of language education: ===== | ||
- | The Frisian language made its debut in the Dutch school system in 1907, when the province of Fryslân started to offer grants to support Frisian lessons after school. In 1937 the Netherlands adopted | + | Frisian education in Fryslân has been allowed at primary level since 1907, and more and more legal possibilities, |
+ | |||
+ | Regarding primary education, the Frisian language made its debut in the Dutch school system in 1907, when the province of Fryslân started to offer grants to support Frisian lessons after school | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 1948, a legal amendment made it possible to teach Frisian as optional subject in secondary | ||
+ | |||
+ | For both primary and secondary education, attainment targets for compulsory subjects | ||
+ | |||
+ | Though Frisian ought to be taught | ||
===== Legislation of language education: ===== | ===== Legislation of language education: ===== | ||
- | ==== European | + | ==== Legistlation at European |
+ | |||
+ | === European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Netherlands has [[general_information: | ||
* Frisian is covered under [[general_information: | * Frisian is covered under [[general_information: | ||
- | * For more information about the commitments that the Netherlands | + | * The Netherlands |
- | * Download | + | * In the all evaluation reports, the Committee of Experts has recommended the Dutch government to improve Frisian education at all levels((Scarse, |
+ | * The Netherlands has not ratified provisions for Frisian in vocational education, but the Committee of Experts has recommended to do so in the [[https:// | ||
- | ==== National | + | === Framework Convention for the Protection of National |
- | De [[http:// | + | The Netherlands has [[general_information:glossary_of_terms# |
- | * Frisian is an [[general_information: | + | * Frisian |
- | * an official body, "Het orgaan voor de Friese taal", of four members, | + | * In the [[https://rm.coe.int/4th-op-netherlands-en/1680ac509f|fourth Opinion]] (2023), the Advisory Committe made the recommendation |
- | * promoting | + | |
- | * informing | + | |
- | * advising | + | |
- | * aiding | + | |
- | ==== Provincial legislation: | + | ==== Legislation at national level ==== |
- | Every four years, according | + | Frisian as official language in Fryslân, as well as linguistic rights |
+ | * Frisian and Dutch are [[general_information: | ||
+ | * Frisian can be used in/with governmental bodies | ||
+ | * Frisian can be used with judicial authorities / in court by citizens of Fryslân; | ||
+ | * An Advisory Body for the Frisian language | ||
- | The province of Fryslân states that it " | ||
- | The province of Fryslân has the authority to exempt schools from [[https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/prb-2015-3671.html|certain conditions]] of Frisian | + | Acts regarding Education are made at national level in the Netherlands. |
- | ==== Educational legislation: | + | |
- | The Dutch law makes no mention of Frisian in preschool. The province of Fryslân however, states on its website that it encourages the use of the Frisian language | + | **pre-school education** |
+ | |||
+ | The Dutch law for pre-school education (Dutch: | ||
+ | |||
+ | As of January 2025, there is a legal requirement for employees to have a Dutch language certificate at B2 level according to the Common European Framework of Reference ((ministerie SZW, Ministerie OCW & Brancheorganisatie Kinderopvang. (2024, december 24). //De taaleis in de kinderopvang: | ||
+ | |||
+ | **primary eduation** | ||
The Dutch law on primary education (Dutch: [[http:// | The Dutch law on primary education (Dutch: [[http:// | ||
- | * in primary education, classes are also taught in Frisian (in addition to Dutch and English); | + | * In primary education, classes are also taught in Frisian (in addition to Dutch and English); |
- | * Schools may request exemption from this. | + | * Schools may request exemption from this, for which the authority lies with the Provincial Government of Fryslân. |
+ | * The Provincial Government of Fryslân prescribes attainment targets for Frisian (to be approved by Minister of Education). | ||
+ | **secondary education** | ||
The Dutch law on secondary education (Dutch: [[http:// | The Dutch law on secondary education (Dutch: [[http:// | ||
* During the first two years of secondary education in the province of Fryslân, Frisian language and culture are part of the curriculum. | * During the first two years of secondary education in the province of Fryslân, Frisian language and culture are part of the curriculum. | ||
- | * The Province | + | |
- | * However, the core objectives | + | |
- | * Schools may request exemption | + | |
+ | **vocational and higher education** | ||
+ | The Dutch law on vocational education (Dutch: [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Legislation and policy at provincial level ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Every four years, according to the [[languages: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Though provinces in the Netherlands | ||
- | The Netherlands has declared paragraph 8, 2 (ii) of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages: "to provide facilities for the study of these languages as university and higher education subjects" | + | In 2019, the provincial government of Fryslân launched //Taalplan Frysk 2030// |
===== Support structure for education of the language ===== | ===== Support structure for education of the language ===== | ||
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=== Teacher training === | === Teacher training === | ||
- | The SFBO organises in-service training courses with emphasis on Frisian and multilingualism. | + | For pre-school |
- | Teachers for primary and secondary | + | |
- | To become a teacher Frisian, students can take the Frisian language teacher programme | + | Teacher training for primary and secondary education is available in Fryslân |
=== Teacher support === | === Teacher support === | ||
- | Frisian language teachers can get support | + | Frisian language teachers can attend in-service training |
==== Inspection of compliance with educational legislation ==== | ==== Inspection of compliance with educational legislation ==== | ||
- | The [[http:// | + | The [[http:// |
==== Financial support ==== | ==== Financial support ==== | ||
- | The Dutch Government | + | Schools in Fryslân do not receive more structural funding from the Dutch Government |
- | ===== Education | + | |
- | In its last report (2016) of the Committee of Experts on the Charter on Frisian language education in the Netherlands, | ||
- | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | ||
- | A new [[https:// | + | ===== Education |
- | Below an overview of all the primary schools | + | In its last report |
- | ^ schools ^ language profile ^ exemption for ^ | + | A new [[https:// |
- | | 114 | A | - | | + | |
- | | 84 | B | writing | | + | |
- | | 96 | C | writing and reading | | + | |
- | | 6 | D | writing, reading, language perception | | + | |
- | | 66 | E | writing, reading, language perception, speaking | | + | |
- | | 47 | F | writing, reading, language perception, speaking, listening | | + | |
- | | 15 | G | everything* | | + | |
- | < | + | |
==== Preschool ==== | ==== Preschool ==== | ||
- | In 2017, the Province | + | Nowadays, around two-thirds |
- | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In 2000, Boneschansker en Le Rutte stated that, similary to 1984, Frisian in preschool was hardly used in urban playgroups, but rural playgroups were more or less bilingual. Group activities were almost always in Dutch: Frisian was used mainly in contact with individual children and parents ((Boneschansker, | + | |
- | In 2000, about 60% of the preschool teachers had Frisian as their mother tongue ((Boneschansker, | ||
==== Primary education ==== | ==== Primary education ==== | ||
- | In 2009 Frisian language education was inspected. The inspection found that 77% of 39 inspected schools offered sufficient Frisian to cover the set educational goals and 61% reserved sufficient time in the curriculum ((Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2010)[[https:// | ||
- | In 2009 primary school principles stated that Frisian was used as language of instruction mainly | + | Below in table 2 is an overview |
- | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts | + | |
- | In 2009 Frisian as a subject was given for an hour per week in the lowest two grades, | + | ^ schools ^ language profile ^ exemption |
+ | | 113 | A | - | | ||
+ | | 83 | B | writing | | ||
+ | | 91 | C | writing | ||
+ | | 6 | D | writing, reading, language perception | | ||
+ | | 52 | E | writing, reading, language perception, speaking | | ||
+ | | 46 | F | writing, reading, language perception, speaking, listening | | ||
+ | | 21 | G | everything* | | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | < | ||
- | In 2009 77% of 39 inspected schools taught sufficient Frisian to archieve the set education goals regarding Frisian language skills ((Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2010)[[https:// | + | === Teacher qualification=== |
- | === Teacher skills === | + | According to the Inspectorate, |
- | * 34,9% of the primary teachers has no qualification to teach Frisian ((Inspectie van het Onderwijs. (2019). //Sizzen is neat, mar dwaan is in ding: Frysk yn it primêr | + | |
- | === Student accomplishments === | ||
- | {{: | ||
=== Trilingual primary education === | === Trilingual primary education === | ||
- | To improve Frisian language education in primary school, an experiment, set up by the [[https:// | + | To improve Frisian language education in primary school, an experiment |
+ | |||
+ | In 2016 73, out of 428 primary schools (17%), were included in the " | ||
+ | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | ||
- | In 2016 73, out of 428 primary schools, were included in the " | ||
- | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | ||
==== Secondary education ==== | ==== Secondary education ==== | ||
- | The report by the Dutch inspectorate of Education from 2009 stated that out of 17 inspected | + | Table 3 shows an overview of the secondary schools |
- | * 59% offered sufficient Frisian to cover the set educational goals, | + | |
- | * 94% reserved sufficient time in the curriculum, | + | |
- | * 17 taught Frisian as a subject | + | |
- | * 47% of the teachers that taught | + | |
- | * 59% offered Frisian as an examination subject | + | |
- | In its last report (2016) on Frisian language education in the Netherlands, | + | ^ schools |
- | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | + | | 28 | A | |
+ | | 14 | B | | ||
+ | | 11 | C1 | | ||
+ | | 13 | C2| | ||
+ | | 5 | D | | ||
- | === Teacher qualification === | + | < |
- | According to the report | + | < |
+ | |||
+ | === Teacher qualification === | ||
+ | According to the report of the Inespectorate (2019), 22% of the teachers had no qualification to teach Frisian ((Inspectie van het Onderwijs. (2019). | ||
+ | |||
=== Trilingual primary education === | === Trilingual primary education === | ||
- | In 2016, five secondary schools offered trilingual education. | + | In 2018, six secondary schools offered trilingual education((Varkevisser, |
- | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | + | |
==== Learning materials ==== | ==== Learning materials ==== | ||
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Learning materials for primary and seconday education are commissioned and subsidized by the Province of Fryslân. The past few years digital materials have been developed. All materials are mainly being developed mainly by [[http:// | Learning materials for primary and seconday education are commissioned and subsidized by the Province of Fryslân. The past few years digital materials have been developed. All materials are mainly being developed mainly by [[http:// | ||
- | ===== Adult education | + | |
- | * The [[http://afuk.frl/|Afûk]] offers | + | ==== Vocational |
- | * The [[https:// | + | |
- | * The [[https:// | + | Though Frisian is no compulsory subject in vocational education, nor has the Netherlands ratified provisions for Frisian in vocational education, the project |
- | * The [[https://www.uva.nl/discipline/talen/fries/fries.html?1584966849707|University of Amsterdam]] | + | |
+ | |||
+ | ==== Higher education ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In Fryslân, it is possible to attend the Frisian teacher training | ||
+ | |||
+ | Outside of the province, the University of Groningen has a Frisian | ||
+ | |||
+ | Some Frisian courses are also offered at the University of Amsterdam. At the Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel (Germany), a Frisian bachelor and master degree are available (with the focus on North Frisian). | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Adult education ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The [[http:// | ||
===== Learning resources and educational institutions ===== | ===== Learning resources and educational institutions ===== | ||
- | | + | === Dictionaries and grammars === |
+ | | ||
+ | |||
+ | === General and open resources === | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
* [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
* [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[https:// | ||
- | |||
- | Institutes and organisations: | ||
- | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[https:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[https:// | ||
- | * [[https:// | ||
+ | ===Institutes and organisations=== | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
- | ==== Educational materials for preschool | + | === Educational materials for preschool === |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
* [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
* [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
- | ==== Educational material for primary education | + | === Educational material for primary education === |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[http:// |
- | * [[http://www.cito.nl/onderwijs/primair%20onderwijs/ | + | * [[https://www.lezenvoordelijst.nl/fries/|Lezen voor de lijst]]: list with books sorted on level with information and assignments for both student and teacher. |
- | ==== Educational material for secondary education | + | === Educational material for secondary education === |
- | * [[https://itunes.apple.com/nl/app/ | + | * [[https://searje36.edufrysk.nl/inloggen|Searje 36]]: digital learning method to learn Frisian in the first year of secondary education. |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
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====== Mercator' | ====== Mercator' | ||
- | [[: | + | [[: |
languages/frisian_in_the_netherlands.1584968234.txt.gz · Last modified: 2020/03/23 13:57 by ydwine