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languages:bildts_in_the_netherlands [2024/10/17 13:15] – [Language Area] ydwinelanguages:bildts_in_the_netherlands [2025/06/18 09:42] (current) – [Language vitality according to:] ydwine
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 ^[[https://en.wal.unesco.org/|UNESCO ]] ^ [[https://www.ethnologue.com/|Ethnologue ]] ^ [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/|Endangered Languages  ]] ^[[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bild1234|Glottolog]]  ^  ^[[https://en.wal.unesco.org/|UNESCO ]] ^ [[https://www.ethnologue.com/|Ethnologue ]] ^ [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/|Endangered Languages  ]] ^[[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bild1234|Glottolog]]  ^ 
 |  //n.a. //  |  //n.a. //  |  //n.a.//  |  //n.a.//  |  |  //n.a. //  |  //n.a. //  |  //n.a.//  |  //n.a.//  | 
 +<sup> Click [[manual:colour_codes|here]] for a full overview of the language vitality colour codes. </sup>
  
 ==== Linguistic aspects: ===== ==== Linguistic aspects: =====
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 ==== Language Area ==== ==== Language Area ====
  
-Bildts is highly linked to the area Het Bildt, in the North of the province of Fryslân, the Netherlands. The development of the mixed language is tied to the development of the area Het Bildt, which is land claimed from the sea, with the first dykes established in that area in 1505((Van Sluis, P. (2015). //Seven perspectives on Bildts: The Bildts language status in a European context//. Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1479608/Mercator_report_Seven_perspectives_on_Bildts_June2015.pdf]].)). Due to language contact between Frisian speakers and speakers of the Dutch varieties from South and North Holland, Bildts could develop ((Van Sluis, P. (2015). //Seven perspectives on Bildts: The Bildts language status in a European context//. Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1479608/Mercator_report_Seven_perspectives_on_Bildts_June2015.pdf]].))((Hoekstra, E, and Van Koppen, M. (2001). Het Bildts als resultaat van Fries-Hollands taalcontact [The Bildts language as results of Frisian-Hollandic language contact]. In D. Boutkan and A. Quak (eds) //Language contact. Substratum, superstratum, adstratum in Germanic languages. Amsterdamer Beiträäge zur Alteren Germanistik//. Band 54. Rodopi, Amsterdam - Atlanta, 89-106. [[https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/475794/101BildtGram.htm]].)). +Bildts is highly linked to the area Het Bildt, in the North-West of the province of Fryslân, the Netherlands. The development of the mixed language is tied to the development of the area Het Bildt, which is land claimed from the sea, with the first dykes established in that area in 1505((Van Sluis, P. (2015). //Seven perspectives on Bildts: The Bildts language status in a European context//. Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1479608/Mercator_report_Seven_perspectives_on_Bildts_June2015.pdf]].)). Due to language contact between Frisian speakers and speakers of the Dutch varieties from South and North Holland, Bildts could develop ((Van Sluis, P. (2015). //Seven perspectives on Bildts: The Bildts language status in a European context//. Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1479608/Mercator_report_Seven_perspectives_on_Bildts_June2015.pdf]].))((Hoekstra, E, and Van Koppen, M. (2001). Het Bildts als resultaat van Fries-Hollands taalcontact [The Bildts language as results of Frisian-Hollandic language contact]. In D. Boutkan and A. Quak (eds) //Language contact. Substratum, superstratum, adstratum in Germanic languages. Amsterdamer Beiträäge zur Alteren Germanistik//. Band 54. Rodopi, Amsterdam - Atlanta, 89-106. [[https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/475794/101BildtGram.htm]].)). 
  
 The Bildt area also formed a municipality for a long time, called Het Bildt. In 1984, part of the former municipality Barradeel was added to Het Bildt, which included the Frisian speaking village of Minnertsga (Fr. Minnertsgea). In 2018, a large amalgamation took place, with a merger of the former municipalities Franekeradeel, Menameradiel, and part of Littenseradiel into the new municipality Waadhoeke. In this new administrative area, speakers of Bildts are a relatively small minority. In the municipality Waadhoeke, most residents speak Frisian and Dutch, and in addition to Bildts, there is also a local variety of Town Frisian called Franekers((Van Sluis, P. (2015). //Seven perspectives on Bildts: The Bildts language status in a European context//. Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1479608/Mercator_report_Seven_perspectives_on_Bildts_June2015.pdf]].))((Omrop Fryslân. (2017, January 25). Biltkers komme mei petysje oar erkenning Biltske taal [Bildts people come with petition for recognition Bildts language]. // Omrop Fryslân//. [[https://www.omropfryslan.nl/nijs/694363-bilkerts-komme-mei-petysje-foar-erkenning-biltske-taal]].)). The Bildt area also formed a municipality for a long time, called Het Bildt. In 1984, part of the former municipality Barradeel was added to Het Bildt, which included the Frisian speaking village of Minnertsga (Fr. Minnertsgea). In 2018, a large amalgamation took place, with a merger of the former municipalities Franekeradeel, Menameradiel, and part of Littenseradiel into the new municipality Waadhoeke. In this new administrative area, speakers of Bildts are a relatively small minority. In the municipality Waadhoeke, most residents speak Frisian and Dutch, and in addition to Bildts, there is also a local variety of Town Frisian called Franekers((Van Sluis, P. (2015). //Seven perspectives on Bildts: The Bildts language status in a European context//. Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1479608/Mercator_report_Seven_perspectives_on_Bildts_June2015.pdf]].))((Omrop Fryslân. (2017, January 25). Biltkers komme mei petysje oar erkenning Biltske taal [Bildts people come with petition for recognition Bildts language]. // Omrop Fryslân//. [[https://www.omropfryslan.nl/nijs/694363-bilkerts-komme-mei-petysje-foar-erkenning-biltske-taal]].)).
  
  
-{{ :languages:taalsituatie_noord-nederland.png?nolink&600 |map showing languages ares in the North of the Netherlands}} +{{ :languages:taalsituatie_noord-nederland.png?nolink&600 |map showing languages areas in the North of the Netherlands}} 
-<sup>A map showing languages ares in the North of the Netherlands. The language area of Bildts is shown in the North of Fryslân, in orange. The Frisian language area is marked in blue, Town Frisian areas are indicated with stripes. </sup>+<sup>A map showing languages ares in the North of the Netherlands. The language area of Bildts is shown in orange. The Frisian language area is marked in blue, Town Frisian areas are indicated with stripes ((Wutsje. (2007). //Taalsituatie in Noord-Nederland// [image]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taalsituatie_Noord-Nederland.png]].)). </sup>
  
 ==== Speaker numbers ==== ==== Speaker numbers ====
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 For this, researchers at the Fryske Akademy were asked to research Bildts, which led to several studies ((Fryske Akademy. (2016). //Is het Bildts een zelfstandige taal?// [Is Bildts an independant language?]. Fryske Akademy. https://www.fryske-akademy.nl/nl/nieuws-en-agenda/nieuwsbericht/news/detail/News/is-het-bildts-een-zelfstandige-taal/.))((Van Sluis, P. (2015). //Seven perspectives on Bildts: The Bildts language status in a European context//. Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1479608/Mercator_report_Seven_perspectives_on_Bildts_June2015.pdf]].))((Sluis, P. van, Hoekstra, E. & Velde, H. Van de (2016). Bildts as a mixed language. //International Journal of the Sociology of Language//, 2016 (242), 59-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0033.)). They concluded that Bildts is neither a Frisian nor a Dutch dialect, but a mixed language. Eric Hoekstra, one of the co-authors: "We hope that our analysis of Bildts, as a mixed language rather than as a dialect of either Frisian or Dutch, may serve the policy makers of the Ministry, who will decide on the recognition of Bildts as a language" ((Fryske Akademy. (2016). //Is het Bildts een zelfstandige taal?// [Is Bildts an independant language?]. Fryske Akademy. https://www.fryske-akademy.nl/nl/nieuws-en-agenda/nieuwsbericht/news/detail/News/is-het-bildts-een-zelfstandige-taal/.)) ((Original quote in Dutch:"Wij hopen dat we de beleidsmakers van het Ministerie, die over de erkenning van het Bildts als taal beslissen, van dienst kunnen zijn met onze analyse van het Bildts als een mengtaal, die noch als dialect van het Fries, noch als dialect van het Nederlands gezien kan worden.")) For this, researchers at the Fryske Akademy were asked to research Bildts, which led to several studies ((Fryske Akademy. (2016). //Is het Bildts een zelfstandige taal?// [Is Bildts an independant language?]. Fryske Akademy. https://www.fryske-akademy.nl/nl/nieuws-en-agenda/nieuwsbericht/news/detail/News/is-het-bildts-een-zelfstandige-taal/.))((Van Sluis, P. (2015). //Seven perspectives on Bildts: The Bildts language status in a European context//. Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. [[https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1479608/Mercator_report_Seven_perspectives_on_Bildts_June2015.pdf]].))((Sluis, P. van, Hoekstra, E. & Velde, H. Van de (2016). Bildts as a mixed language. //International Journal of the Sociology of Language//, 2016 (242), 59-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0033.)). They concluded that Bildts is neither a Frisian nor a Dutch dialect, but a mixed language. Eric Hoekstra, one of the co-authors: "We hope that our analysis of Bildts, as a mixed language rather than as a dialect of either Frisian or Dutch, may serve the policy makers of the Ministry, who will decide on the recognition of Bildts as a language" ((Fryske Akademy. (2016). //Is het Bildts een zelfstandige taal?// [Is Bildts an independant language?]. Fryske Akademy. https://www.fryske-akademy.nl/nl/nieuws-en-agenda/nieuwsbericht/news/detail/News/is-het-bildts-een-zelfstandige-taal/.)) ((Original quote in Dutch:"Wij hopen dat we de beleidsmakers van het Ministerie, die over de erkenning van het Bildts als taal beslissen, van dienst kunnen zijn met onze analyse van het Bildts als een mengtaal, die noch als dialect van het Fries, noch als dialect van het Nederlands gezien kan worden."))
  
-Despite the efforts, Bildts was not recognised via the [[general_information:european_legislation|ECRML]] nor on national level, but the language has received recognition at both provincial and municipal level.+Despite the efforts, Bildts was not recognised via the [[general_information:european_legislation|ECRML]], but the language has received recognition at both provincial and municipal level.
 ==== European Legislation==== ==== European Legislation====
  
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 Bildts is not recognised as a regional or minority language in the Netherlands. In 2017, after the negative advise of the //Taalunie// (Language Union), a petition to recognise Bildts was presented to members of the  Dutch Parliament and Senate, but the topic was not discussed in the plenary session on the amalgamation ((Omrop Fryslân. (2017, February 7). Petysje Bilkerts foar erkenning taal oerlange yn Den Haag [Bildts people for recognition language submit petition in Den Hague].// Omrop Fryslân//. [[https://www.omropfryslan.nl/nijs/697061-petysje-bilkerts-foar-erkenning-taal-oerlange-yn-den-haag]].))((Tweede Kamer, (2017). //Samenvoeging gemeenten// [amalgamation municipalities]. [[https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/detail?id=2018D16205&did=2018D16205]].))((Omrop Fryslân. (2018, March 13). Provinsje stipet Waadhoeke om Biltsk taalbelied te meitsjen [province supports Waadhoeke to develop Bildts language policy].// Omrop Fryslân//. [[https://www.omropfryslan.nl/nijs/797140-provinsje-stipet-waadhoeke-om-biltsk-taalbelied-te-meitsjen]].)). Bildts is not recognised as a regional or minority language in the Netherlands. In 2017, after the negative advise of the //Taalunie// (Language Union), a petition to recognise Bildts was presented to members of the  Dutch Parliament and Senate, but the topic was not discussed in the plenary session on the amalgamation ((Omrop Fryslân. (2017, February 7). Petysje Bilkerts foar erkenning taal oerlange yn Den Haag [Bildts people for recognition language submit petition in Den Hague].// Omrop Fryslân//. [[https://www.omropfryslan.nl/nijs/697061-petysje-bilkerts-foar-erkenning-taal-oerlange-yn-den-haag]].))((Tweede Kamer, (2017). //Samenvoeging gemeenten// [amalgamation municipalities]. [[https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/detail?id=2018D16205&did=2018D16205]].))((Omrop Fryslân. (2018, March 13). Provinsje stipet Waadhoeke om Biltsk taalbelied te meitsjen [province supports Waadhoeke to develop Bildts language policy].// Omrop Fryslân//. [[https://www.omropfryslan.nl/nijs/797140-provinsje-stipet-waadhoeke-om-biltsk-taalbelied-te-meitsjen]].)).
  
-Legislation regarding education is made at national level.  +Legislation regarding education is made at national level. 
-  * Pre-school education (0-4 years)+ 
 +** Pre-school education (0-4 years)** 
 The law for pre-school education, the //Wet Kinderopvang// [Childcare Act], allows for regional language varieties "which are in lively use" as medium of instruction, alongside Dutch ((Wet Kinderopvang, BWBR0017017 [Childcare Act]. (2004, July 9). Retrieved October 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0017017/2023-01-01/0]])). The law for pre-school education, the //Wet Kinderopvang// [Childcare Act], allows for regional language varieties "which are in lively use" as medium of instruction, alongside Dutch ((Wet Kinderopvang, BWBR0017017 [Childcare Act]. (2004, July 9). Retrieved October 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0017017/2023-01-01/0]])).
-  * Primary school education (4-12 years) + 
 +As of January 2025, there is a legal requirement for employees to have a Dutch language certificate at B2 level according to the Common European Framework of Reference ((ministerie SZW, Ministerie OCW & Brancheorganisatie Kinderopvang. (2024, december 24). //De taaleis in de kinderopvang: Aantoonbaarheidseisen taaleis IKK en taaleis VE// [The language requirement in day care: requirements of demonstrability language requirement IKK and language requirement VE]. Overheid. [[https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/fd15d555-b0f8-46de-9329-d309fc2c74a2/file]].)). Employees who use Frisian or another language full time, are exempt for a Dutch certificate, but are required to have a certificate at B2 level for the language of instruction. 
 + 
 +**Primary school education (4-12 years) ** 
 The law for primary education, the //Wet op het primair onderwijs// [Primary Education Act], allows for regional language varieties "which are in lively use" as medium of instruction, alongside Dutch ((Wet op het primair onderwijs , BWBR0003420 [Primary Education Act]. (1981, July 2). Retrieved October 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003420/2023-01-01/0]].)). The law for primary education, the //Wet op het primair onderwijs// [Primary Education Act], allows for regional language varieties "which are in lively use" as medium of instruction, alongside Dutch ((Wet op het primair onderwijs , BWBR0003420 [Primary Education Act]. (1981, July 2). Retrieved October 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003420/2023-01-01/0]].)).
-  * Secondary school education (12-16/18 years)+ 
 +** Secondary school education (12-16/18 years) ** 
 Until August 2022, the //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// [Secondary Education Act] stated the same construction as pre-school and primary education, namely that regional language varieties "which are in lively use" can be used as medium of instruction, alongside Dutch. However, this passage no longer is included. The Act does allow to deviate from Dutch as language of instruction when the subject is about another language, or when it is necessary to do so for pupils because of their linguistic background ((Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs 2020, BWBR0044212 [Secondary Education Act 0f 2020]. (2020, September 30). Retrieved Octobe 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-01-01/0]].)). Until August 2022, the //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// [Secondary Education Act] stated the same construction as pre-school and primary education, namely that regional language varieties "which are in lively use" can be used as medium of instruction, alongside Dutch. However, this passage no longer is included. The Act does allow to deviate from Dutch as language of instruction when the subject is about another language, or when it is necessary to do so for pupils because of their linguistic background ((Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs 2020, BWBR0044212 [Secondary Education Act 0f 2020]. (2020, September 30). Retrieved Octobe 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-01-01/0]].)).
  
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 === Pre-school === === Pre-school ===
  
-For pre-school, the Frisian series //Tomke// has been translated to Bildts, both books as short stories. Tomke is to be read to children aged 2-4 to stimulate the language use. The //Bildtse Post//, the local newspaper, also published a Tomke story every week, around 200 in total((Lokaal Nieuwsnet. (August, 29, 2018). Bildtse foorleesferhaaltsys Tomke in de Bildtse Post [Bildts reading stories Tomke in the Bildtse Post]//. Bildtse Post//. [[https://www.bildtsepost.nl/bildtsepost/cultuur/bildtse-foorleesferhaaltsys-tomke-in-de-bildtse-post]].))+For pre-school, the Frisian series //Tomke// has been translated to Bildts, both books as short stories. Tomke is to be read to children aged 2-4 to stimulate the language use. The //Bildtse Post//, the local newspaper (which was published until 2023((Omrop Fryslân. (2023, September 11). It doek falt foar De Nije Bildtse Post: krante kin finansjeel net mear út [The new Bildtse Post will discontinue: the newspaper has financial difficulties. //Omrop Fryslân.// [[https://www.omropfryslan.nl/nl/nieuws/1222258/het-doek-valt-voor-de-nije-bildtse-post-de-krant-kan-financieel-niet-uit]].))), also published a Tomke story every week for a longer period, around 200 in total((Lokaal Nieuwsnet. (August, 29, 2018). Bildtse foorleesferhaaltsys Tomke in de Bildtse Post [Bildts reading stories Tomke in the Bildtse Post]//. Bildtse Post//. [[https://www.bildtsepost.nl/bildtsepost/cultuur/bildtse-foorleesferhaaltsys-tomke-in-de-bildtse-post]].)).
  
 Every September there is a reading campaign in Fryslân, the [[https://lesmarfoar.frl/|Lês mar foar!]] [Reading aloud!]. Every year, a theme is given (connected to the national Reading week theme), and many activities are organised. For toddlers, a //Tomke// book is published with that theme, in Frisian, as well as in Bildts (and other regional languages). Every September there is a reading campaign in Fryslân, the [[https://lesmarfoar.frl/|Lês mar foar!]] [Reading aloud!]. Every year, a theme is given (connected to the national Reading week theme), and many activities are organised. For toddlers, a //Tomke// book is published with that theme, in Frisian, as well as in Bildts (and other regional languages).
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 Moreover, there are various [[http://meertalighyd.nl/materialen/meertalige-materialen.html|learning materials]] developed by //Komissy Meertalighyd// (in cooperation with //Cedin//): Moreover, there are various [[http://meertalighyd.nl/materialen/meertalige-materialen.html|learning materials]] developed by //Komissy Meertalighyd// (in cooperation with //Cedin//):
 +  * Online materials via [[https://bildts.edufrysk.nl/|Digibildts]]
   * Themed lessons (e.g. food, art, the municipality, astronomy);   * Themed lessons (e.g. food, art, the municipality, astronomy);
   * A series with short stories and accompanying songs about the leading character //Bob de Krôb//;   * A series with short stories and accompanying songs about the leading character //Bob de Krôb//;
languages/bildts_in_the_netherlands.1729163739.txt.gz · Last modified: 2024/10/17 13:15 by ydwine