Differences

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--- languages:sorbian_in_germany [2020/02/19 14:59] – [Regional legislation] ydwine
+++ languages:sorbian_in_germany [2025/06/18 10:25] (current) – [Language vitality according to:] ydwine
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ==== Language vitality according to: ====
-^ [[http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/|UNESCO*]] ^ [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hsb/|Ethnologue]] ^ [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4280|Endangered Languages]] ^
-|{{ :endangerment:yellow.png?nolink |Definitely endangered}}| {{ :endangerment:blue.png?nolink |Developing}} | {{ :endangerment:orange.png?nolink |vulnerable}}|
-<sup> 1) UNESCO makes no distinction between Lower and Upper Sorbian. 2) The language vitality of Ethnologue and Endangered Languages reflect Upper Sorbian, not Lower Sorbian. </sup>
+^  ^ [[https://en.wal.unesco.org/search?keys=sorbian|UNESCO]] ^ [[https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/4255/|Ethnologue]] ^ [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4280|Endangered Languages]] ^  [[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/uppe1395|Glottolog]]  ^
+| Lower Sorbian  |  {{:endangerment:orange.png?nolink|Definitely endangered}}  |  {{:endangerment:red.png?nolink|Endangered}}  |   {{:endangerment:yellow.png?nolink|Threatened}}  |  {{:endangerment:orange.png?nolink|shifting}}  |
+| Upper Sorbian  |  {{:endangerment:yellow.png?nolink|Endangered/unsafe}}  |  {{:endangerment:red.png?nolink|Endangered}}  |  {{:endangerment:blue.png?nolink|Vulnerable}}  |  {{:endangerment:yellow.png?nolink|threatened}}  |
+<sup> Click [[manual:colour_codes|here]] for a full overview of the language vitality colour codes. </sup>
 ==== Linguistic aspects: =====
   * Classification: Indo-European → Slavic. For more information, see [[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lowe1385|lowe1385]] at [[http://glottolog.org/|Glottolog]]
@@ Line 37: / Line 38: @@
 ===== History of language education: =====
-Sorbian education has varied with changing regimes: ((Dr. Beate Brĕzan and Měto Nowak. //Sorbian in Germany, 2nd edition//(2016) [[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/sorbian_in_germany_2nd.pdff|Mercator's Regional Dossier]])).
+Sorbian education has varied with changing regimes: ((Brĕzan, B. and M. Nowak. (2016) //Sorbian in Germany, 2nd edition//[[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/sorbian_in_germany_2nd.pdff|Mercator's Regional Dossier]])).
 Before 1945:
@@ Line 55: / Line 56: @@
       * In 1980s, there were around 7 A-type schools and 80 B-type schools.
-In 2020 there are 16 type A schools in Saxony ((Sächsische Staatskanzlei. //Sorbische Schulen in Sachsen// (n.d.) [[https://www.schule.sachsen.de/166.htm]] [Retrieved on 19 February 2020])) and 7 A-type schools in Brandenburg((Bildungserver Berlin-Brandenburg. //Brandenburgische Schulen mit bilingualem Unterricht Sorbisch/Wendisch// (n.d.). [[https://bildungsserver.berlin-brandenburg.de/unterricht/faecher/bilingualer-unterricht/brandenburgische-schulen-mit-bilingualem-unterricht-sorbischwendisch]] [Retrieved on 19 February 2020])) covering primary, secundary and Gymnasium level.
+In 2020 there are 16 type A schools in Saxony ((Sächsische Staatskanzlei. (n.d.).//Sorbische Schulen in Sachsen// Retrieved February 19, 2020, from [[https://www.schule.sachsen.de/166.htm]].)) and 7 A-type schools in Brandenburg((Bildungserver Berlin-Brandenburg. (n.d.). //Brandenburgische Schulen mit bilingualem Unterricht Sorbisch/Wendisch//. Retrieved February 19, 2020, from [[https://bildungsserver.berlin-brandenburg.de/unterricht/faecher/bilingualer-unterricht/brandenburgische-schulen-mit-bilingualem-unterricht-sorbischwendisch]].)) covering primary, secundary and Gymnasium level.
 ===== European legislation: ======
-  * Lower Sorbian and Upper Sorbian are covered under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#Part III of the European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|Part III]] of the Charter((CoE. //States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languagesand their regional or minority languages// (01 January 2018) [[https://rm.coe.int/states-parties-to-the-european-charter-for-regional-or-minority-langua/168077098c]] [retrieved 19 February 2020].))
+  * Lower Sorbian and Upper Sorbian are covered under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#Part III of the European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|Part III]] of the Charter((CoE. (2018, January 1). //States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languagesand their regional or minority languages//. Retrieved 19 February, 2020, from [[https://rm.coe.int/states-parties-to-the-european-charter-for-regional-or-minority-langua/168077098c]].)).
   * Download the [[https://rm.coe.int/germanypr6-en/168078a778|latest Council of Europe report]] (2018) of Germany
 ===== National legislation =====
-  *Sorbian is not an [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#Official language:|official language]] in Germany: the only official language in Germany is German.((Astrid Adler/Rahel Beyer //Languages and language policies in Germany / Sprachen und Sprachenpolitik in Deutschland// (2018). From: National  language  institutions  and  national languages.  Contributions  to  the  EFNIL  Conference  2017  in  Mannheim. Budapest: Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. [[http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/mannheim-2017/EFNIL-Mannheim-27-Adler-Beyer.pdf]] [retrieved on 19 February 2020]))
+  *Sorbian is not an [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#Official language:|official language]] in Germany: the only official language in Germany is German((Adler, A. and R. Beyer. (2018). //Languages and language policies in Germany / Sprachen und Sprachenpolitik in Deutschland//. National  language  institutions  and  national languages.  Contributions  to  the  EFNIL  Conference  2017  in  Mannheim. Budapest: Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved February 19, 2020, from [[http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/mannheim-2017/EFNIL-Mannheim-27-Adler-Beyer.pdf]].)).
-  *The Sorbian minority is recognised as one of the four autochthonous national minorities in Germany.((Minderheitensekretariat. //Wen vertreten wir?// (n.d.) [[https://www.minderheitensekretariat.de/wen-vertreten-wir/uebersicht-und-selbstverstaendnis/]] [retrieved on 19 February 2020]))
+  *The Sorbian minority is recognised as one of the four autochthonous national minorities in Germany((Minderheitensekretariat. (n.d.). //Wen vertreten wir?// Retrieved February 19, 2020, from [[https://www.minderheitensekretariat.de/wen-vertreten-wir/uebersicht-und-selbstverstaendnis/]].)).
-  *The Sorbian language is recognised as one of the five autochthonous and regional languages in Germany.((Astrid Adler/Rahel Beyer //Languages and language policies in Germany / Sprachen und Sprachenpolitik in Deutschland// (2018). From: National  language  institutions  and  national languages.  Contributions  to  the  EFNIL  Conference  2017  in  Mannheim. Budapest: Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. [[http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/mannheim-2017/EFNIL-Mannheim-27-Adler-Beyer.pdf]] [retrieved on 19 February 2020]))
+  *The Sorbian language is recognised as one of the five autochthonous and regional languages in Germany((Adler, A. and R. Beyer. (2018). //Languages and language policies in Germany / Sprachen und Sprachenpolitik in Deutschland//. National  language  institutions  and  national languages.  Contributions  to  the  EFNIL  Conference  2017  in  Mannheim. Budapest: Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved February 19, 2020, from [[http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/mannheim-2017/EFNIL-Mannheim-27-Adler-Beyer.pdf]].)).
 ===== Regional legislation =====
@@ Line 111: / Line 112: @@
 ====== Education in practice ======
-Especially Lower Sorbian dialects are vanishing due to the learning of the standard language in school.((Brĕzan, Beate, and Měto Nowak, ‘The Sorbian Language in Education in Germany, 2nd Edition’, ed. by Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning, Mercator Regional Dossiers <http://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/dossiers_pdf/sorbian_in_germany_web.pdf>))
+Especially Lower Sorbian dialects are vanishing due to the learning of the standard language in school.((Brĕzan, B. and M. Nowak. (2016). //The Sorbian Language in Education in Germany, 2nd Edition//. Retrieved February 19, 2020, from [[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/sorbian_in_germany_2nd.pdf]].)).
 ----
@@ Line 122: / Line 123: @@
     * [[https://www.cottbus.de/wissenswert/sorbische_institutionen/|Arbeitsstelle Bildungsentwicklung Cottbus]].
     * [[http://www.sbi.smk.sachsen.de/|Saxon Education Institute]].
+online resources:
+  * [[https://soblex.de/| Soblex]] German-Upper Sorbian / Upper Sorbian-German dictionary and inflection tables
+  * [[https://dolnoserbski.de/|Dolnoserbski:]] dictionaries, corpora and other resources for Lower Sorbian
+  * [[https://hornjoserbsce.de/|Hornjoserbsce]] German-Upper Sorbian dictionary
+  * [[https://sotra.app/|Sotra]] automatic translator between Upper Sorbian, Lower Sorbian and German
+  * [[https://sprachkurs.sorbischlernen.de/#/welcome| Sorbisch Lernen:]] Both Upper and Lower Sorbian online course at A1 and A2 level (German and English as base languages) and for level B1 (Sorbian)
+  * [[https://krokpokroku.sorbischlernen.de/lekcije|Krok po kroku]] - Upper Sorbian intermediate grammar online course
+  * [[https://kšacpókšacu.sorbischlernen.de/lekcije/| Kšac pó kšacu]] Lower Sorbian intermediate grammar online course
+  * [[http://www.sorbische-wendische-sprachschule.de/| Sorbische Wendische Sprachschule:]] website of the Lower Sorbian School of Language and Culture
 Different methods are available for teaching Sorbian as a first language, and as a foreign language.
 ==== Teacher training ====
@@ Line 136: / Line 155: @@
 ====== Mercator's Regional Dossier ======
-[[http://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/dossiers_pdf/sorbian_in_germany_web.pdf|{{:images:dossier.png?nolink|}}]][[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/ladin_in_italy_2nd.pdf|Read more]] about Sorbian language education in Mercator's Regional Dossier (2016).
+[[http://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/dossiers_pdf/sorbian_in_germany_web.pdf|{{:images:dossier.png?nolink|}}]][[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/sorbian_in_germany_2nd.pdf|Read more]] about Sorbian language education in Mercator's Regional Dossier (2016).