languages:saterfrisian_in_germany
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languages:saterfrisian_in_germany [2021/05/19 11:48] – [Language standardization] ydwine | languages:saterfrisian_in_germany [2023/06/14 16:07] – [Legislation on Local Level] ydwine | ||
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==== Language designations: | ==== Language designations: | ||
- | * In the language itself: Saterfriesisch, | + | * In the language itself: Saterfriesisch |
- | * [[general_information: | + | * [[general_information: |
==== Language vitality according to: ==== | ==== Language vitality according to: ==== | ||
- | ^ [[http:// | + | ^ [[http:// |
- | | {{: | + | | {{: |
==== Linguistic aspects: ===== | ==== Linguistic aspects: ===== | ||
- | * Classification: | + | * Classification: |
* Script: Latin | * Script: Latin | ||
- | ==== Language | + | ==== Language |
- | + | ||
- | The American linguist Marron Fort collected words while doing linguistic research over a span of 20 years in Saterland.((Fort, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
+ | Two linguists stand out in the language standardisation of Sater Frisian, namely, Pyt Kramer and Marron Fort. West-Frisian Pyt Kramer has developed the //Seelter Woudebouk// (Sater Frisian dicionary) from Sater Frisian to both West Frisian and German, published in 1961, and the //Näi Seelter Woudebouk, A-E// (New Sater Frisian Dictionary, A-E) in 1992. Moreover, he has written the //Kute Seelter Sproakleere// | ||
+ | In the period of 2021-2023, [[[[languages: | ||
===== Demographics ===== | ===== Demographics ===== | ||
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==== Language Area ==== | ==== Language Area ==== | ||
- | Saterfrisian | + | Sater Frisian |
+ | {{: | ||
+ | < | ||
- | {{https://www.mercator-research.eu/wiki/_media/languages: | + | Saterland lay quite isolated, as it was surrounded by boggy moorland, and could only be reached via boat or in a dry spell up unto the start of the 19th century.((Peters, |
- | < | + | Sater Frisian is one of the three Frisian languages alongside West Frisian and North Frisian. Sater Frisian |
+ | {{: | ||
+ | <sub> The map shows the areas where West Frisian (dark blue), East Frisian (light blue) and North Frisian (blue) are spoken ((ArnoldPlaton. (2013) //Frisian languages in Europe.svg// | ||
- | \\ Sater Frisian is one of the three Frisian languages alongside West Frisian and North Frisian. Sater Frisian is the only variety of East Frisian alive today. ((Heeringa, W. et. al (2015), // | ||
- | {{ : | ||
- | <sub> Map showing West-Frisian (purple), East Frisian (light blue) and North Frisian (dark blue) ((ArnoldPlaton. (2013) //Frisian languages in Europe.svg// | ||
+ | ==== Speaker numbers ==== | ||
+ | Estimates of speaker numbers vary between a 1000 and 2000, with some as high as 5000 (worldwide).((Moseley, | ||
- | ==== Speaker numbers ==== | + | Sater Frisian has lost ground as a family language in favour of Low German of High German, and often, High German was spoken to counter presumed disadvantages at school to have Sater Frisian as first language. Nowadays, a decline in knowledge can be seen with the younger speakers.((Peters, |
- | Stellmacher (1998) conducted a study with his students in 1995, where they only asked a selected number of people to participate in their study to find out about the Sater Frisian language situation. Of the approx. 12.000 citizens of the Saterland, they excluded immigrants, people with a secondary residence in the Saterland region and children under 14. In the end, 10% of the remaining 8.334 citizens were then interviewed. The results showed that 4.058 people claimed that they understand Saterfrisian. The younger the citizen the smaller the knowledge of the language. The numbers of speakers vary from village to village. All in all, the number of active speakers is around 2.250 which is almost as high as 100 years ago (2.500) so people are encouraged to save the language since it stayed with the people for so long. ((Fort, Marron (2001), //Reviewed Work: Das Saterland und das Saterländische by Dieter Stellmacher// | ||
---- | ---- | ||
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===== History of language education: ===== | ===== History of language education: ===== | ||
- | The Saterland is known as the smallest "language | + | In 1800 already, the use of Sater Frisian in education was advocated for (instead of High German) by Johann Hoche, |
- | In 1996 it was reported that Sater Frisian was neither the language used for administration nor in church. Only two hours a week were offered for teaching | + | |
+ | In 1994, the Seelter Buund initiated the project | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sater Frisian was not present at all in primary schools in 1988, although people would have supported it. ((Martinen, Hark et. al, (1988) //The North Frisian Language in Primary Education in North Frisia, Federal Republic of Germany: Die Nordfriesische Sprache im Unterricht Der Grundschulen in Nordfriesland// | ||
+ | |||
+ | In pre-schools, | ||
- | The presence of Sater Frisian in the school system is still not very widespread. In 2010 the Saterland introduced the model project "Das Saterland als Modellregion für frühe Mehrsprachigkeit" | ||
- | Dr Marron Fort is one of the researchers who is helping to maintain Sater Frisian significantly. He came to Germany in 1965 and fell in love with the language. He decided to stay in Germany and has since helped considerably in reviving Sater Frisian. Moreover, he has translated the New Testament into Sater Frisian and created the Sater Frisian Dictionary. This laid the foundation for more Sater Frisian literature. ((Dein Niedersachsen (2017) // | ||
- | According to the [[general_information: | ||
===== Legislation of language education ===== | ===== Legislation of language education ===== | ||
- | ==== European | + | ==== Legislation on European |
- | Sater Frisian is covered by the [[general_information: | + | === European Charter for Regional or Minority languages === |
+ | \\ | ||
+ | Sater Frisian is covered by the [[general_information: | ||
+ | * 1.aiv: favour/ | ||
+ | * 1.eii: provide facilities for the study at tertiary level; | ||
+ | * 1.fiii: favour/ | ||
+ | * 1.g: ensure the teaching of the history and the culture; | ||
+ | * 1.i: set up a supervisory body | ||
- | It encourages | + | In the 2022 report, the Committee |
- | In the report from 2014 several important aspects were mentioned: | + | |
- | * Sater Frisian | + | === Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities === |
- | * in comparison | + | \\ |
- | * a course | + | Germany has [[general_information: |
- | * in 2011, a teaching program | + | the national minorities of the Danes, of the Sorbian people and of the German Sinti and Roma, and the ethnic group of Frisians in Germany. ((Council of Europe (n.d.). // |
- | * there is a need for a policy which encourages more schools to teach Sater Frisian((European Charter for Regional | + | |
+ | In the 2022 opinion, the Advisory Committee of the Framework Convention encouraged " the authorities to further expand the offer of Sater Frisian | ||
+ | care centres, schools and at university" | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Legislation on national level === | ||
+ | |||
+ | In Germany, four national minorities are recognised: the Frisians, the Danes, the German Sinti and Roma, and the Sorbs. Among the Frisians are the North Frisian and East Frisians (among them, Sater Frisians). ((Bundesministerium des Innern für Bau und Heimat (2020). //Nationale Minderheiten Minderheitensprachen und die Regionalsprache Niederdeutsch | ||
+ | |||
+ | The German school system | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Legislation on Local Level==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | === Lower Saxony School Act === | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 1998, Lower Saxony adopted the // | ||
+ | |||
+ | === The Region and its Languages in Education === | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2011, Lower Saxony adopted | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2021, the //Seelter Buund// (Eng: Sater Association) expressed to the Comittee of Experts (ECRML) that this decree should be renewed, with a focus on hours of instruction and pupil numbers.((Evers, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===The Region and the Languages | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2019, Lower Saxony adopted | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2021, the //Seelter Buund// expressed to the Comittee | ||
===== Institutional support for education of the language: ===== | ===== Institutional support for education of the language: ===== | ||
- | Before the teacher training started to be financially supported in 2010, the Saterland Association called "Seelter Buund" tried to incorporate Sater Frisian in (pre-)primary schools. This was mostly done by voluntary workers. They have been offering courses for adults as well. | + | ===Institutional support=== |
- | Since 2010 the focus was shifted to developing teaching materials and training teachers. Furthermore, | + | The [[languages: |
- | ---- | + | The [[languages: |
+ | The Federal Ministry of the Interior has established the // | ||
+ | ===Projects=== | ||
+ | In 2010, a project //Seeltersk an do Skoulen in Seelterlound// | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the period 2010/2012 to 2019, the model project // | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Language Learning materials === | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2015 and 2016, the learning materials //Die Seelterfoaks – dät Bouk // (Eng: The Sater Frisian fox -the book; 2015) and //Seeltersk säikedät Säärm-moak-Bouk// | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2019/2020, a CD was produced, //Sjung mäd uus// (Sing with us), with Sater Frisian children' | ||
+ | |||
+ | In June 2022, the learning method // | ||
+ | |||
+ | To use learning materials at schools, they have to be approved by the // | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Teacher support === | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since 2009, students in teacher training at the University of Oldenburg can take courses on Sater Frisian, as part of the Low-German specialisation. ((Council of Europe (2014). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Application of the Charter in Germany, 5th Monitoring Cycle//. [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Connected to the project [[languages: | ||
+ | |||
+ | For Sater Frisian, ECRML Article 8.1h, that is 'to provide the basic and further training of the teachers [...]' has not been ratified. Nonetheless, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Financial support=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Seelter Buund receives around €2000 per year from the municipality of Saterland. The Seelter Buund is also responsible for the compensations for the people teaching Sater Frisian at pre-primary schools (the Seelter Buund can declare these costs at the municipalty since 2021). ((Seelter Buund (n.d.) //Über den Seelter Buund// [About the Seelter Buund]. [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Lower Saxony Ministry for Science and Culture provides funding for [[languages: | ||
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==== Pre-school education ==== | ==== Pre-school education ==== | ||
- | Since 1995, the //Seelter Buund// has started a project to include Sater Frisian in nursery schools. | + | Since 1994, the Seelter Buund has started a project |
- | * St. Jakobus-Bäidenstuun in // | + | |
- | * Pusteblume | + | There are several |
+ | | ||
+ | * Unterm Regenbogen in // | ||
+ | * St. Jakobus-Bäidenstuun in // | ||
+ | | ||
* St. Georg in // | * St. Georg in // | ||
- | * Unterm Regenbogen in // | ||
- | * St. Marien in // | ||
- | Each group has around thirty children attending, and in 2011, there were 140 children who had Sater Frisian | + | The new (2021) kindergarten // |
+ | |||
+ | In the 2022 report, the Committee of Experts considered pre-school education in Sater Frisian "not sufficient to represent at least a substantial part of | ||
+ | education in this language" | ||
==== Primary education ==== | ==== Primary education ==== | ||
- | Since 1996, Sater Frisian is included in all primary schools of the municipaltiy. Children | + | Since 1996, Sater Frisian is included |
- | * Gruundskoule in //Roomelse//, Ramsloh | + | |
- | * Litje Skoule | + | |
- | * Marien-Skoule in //Strukelje//, Strücklingen | + | |
- | * Astrid-Líndgren-Skoule in //Seedelsbierich//, Sedelsberg | + | |
- | Schools can decide themselves which subjects they want to teach in Sater Frisian. | + | The primary schools that offer Sater Frisian are((Evers, J., & Schramm, K-P. (2021). //Comments by the Seelter Buund (Sater Frisians) on the Seventh Report of the Federal Republic of Germany on the Implementation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.// |
- | Sater Frisian is also used in school projects, | + | * [[http:// |
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | === activity groups=== | ||
+ | On a voluntary basis (legal permission of the pupil' | ||
+ | |||
+ | === immersion lessons === | ||
+ | On a voluntary basis (legal permission of the pupil' | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===projects === | ||
+ | Sater Frisian is also included and/or taught | ||
+ | * [[languages: | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //Fräindai is Seelterdai// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since April 2023, all doors in the Litje Skoule show monolingual Sater Frisian inscriptions ((Seeltersk (2023, April 17). Saterfriesische Beschriftungen in der Litje Skoule Skäddel [Sater Frisian inscriptions in the Litje Skoule Skäddel] | ||
+ | ===Seelterfräiske Skoule=== | ||
+ | The two primary schools Litje Skoule and Marienschule have a certifite as // | ||
- | In 2010, a project //Seeltersk an do Skoulen in Seelterlound// | ||
==== Secondary education ==== | ==== Secondary education ==== | ||
- | For secondary education, | + | Sater Frisian |
- | * Schulzentrum | + | [[https:// |
- | * Laurentius-Siemer-Gymnasium in // | + | |
- | ==== Tertiary education ==== | + | [[https:// |
- | At the [[https:// | + | |
+ | |||
+ | ==== higher education/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | At the [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Occasionaly, | ||
+ | ==== Adult education ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Seelter Buund, in collaboration with Seeltersk Kontoor, organises beginner and advanced Sater Frisian courses. In 2023, these courses without a participation fee, as the Lower Saxony Ministry for Science and Culture provides the funding ((Seeltersk (2023, February 16). Saterfriesischkurse im Jahr 2023 ausgebucht [Saterland Frisian courses fully booked in 2023]. // | ||
+ | |||
+ | A Sater Frisian course is also offered at the //Folks Volkshochschule für die Stadt und den Kreis Leer e.V// (Eng: adult education centre for the region of Leer) ((VHS Leer (n.d.). Saterfriesisch - Fortsetzung [Sater Frisian - continuation]. //VHS Leer.// | ||
---- | ---- | ||
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==== Organisations ==== | ==== Organisations ==== | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | |||
- | * [[https:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | ||
- | Frasche Rädj/ | ||
==== Online resources ==== | ==== Online resources ==== | ||
- | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[https:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[https:// | ||
+ | ===Linguistics, | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Learning materials=== | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Other=== | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | | ||
- | ---- | ||
languages/saterfrisian_in_germany.txt · Last modified: 2023/06/26 15:58 by ydwine