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languages:piedmontese_in_italy [2020/02/19 08:08] – [Mercator's Regional Dossier:] ydwinelanguages:piedmontese_in_italy [2020/03/09 15:25] – [Support structure for education of the language] ydwine
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   * Script: Latin   * Script: Latin
 ==== Language standardization ==== ==== Language standardization ====
-A standard orthography was developed in the 1930s by Viglongo and Pacot, known as the //grafia piemontese moderna// (modern Piedmontese orthography). Although this is considered the standard for official publications, in personal and commercial writings most speakers deviate from it and use their own variations.(([[http://www.piemunteis.it/lese-e-scrive/ortografia-della-lingua-piemontese-sistema-standard-e-sistemi-fonetici|Enrico Eandi (n.d.). "Ortografia della lingua piemontese: sistema standard e sistemi fonetici". Retrieved May 27, 2017, from http://www.piemunteis.it]])) One survey reported that some speakers felt that the lack of a popularly used standard orthography was a potential obstacle to wider use of Piedmontese on digital media.((Claudia Soria (2017). "Speakers' attitudes on Piedmontese: A case for vitality re-assessment", in Delyn Day, Poia Rewi, Rawinia Higgins (eds.), "The Journeys of Besieged Languages". Cambridge Scholars Publishing.)) There is no institution charged with maintaining a standard orthography.+A standard orthography was developed in the 1930s by Viglongo and Pacot, known as the //grafia piemontese moderna// (modern Piedmontese orthography). Although this is considered the standard for official publications, in personal and commercial writings most speakers deviate from it and use their own variations.((Enrico Eandi (n.d.). "Ortografia della lingua piemontese: sistema standard e sistemi fonetici". Retrieved May 27, 2017, from [[http://www.piemunteis.it/lese-e-scrive/ortografia-della-lingua-piemontese-sistema-standard-e-sistemi-fonetici]].)) One survey reported that some speakers felt that the lack of a popularly used standard orthography was a potential obstacle to wider use of Piedmontese on digital media.((Claudia Soria (2017). "Speakers' attitudes on Piedmontese: A case for vitality re-assessment", in Delyn Day, Poia Rewi, Rawinia Higgins (eds.), "The Journeys of Besieged Languages". Cambridge Scholars Publishing.)) There is no institution charged with maintaining a standard orthography.
 ===== Demographics ===== ===== Demographics =====
  
 ==== Language Area ==== ==== Language Area ====
  
-Piedmontese is spoken in Piedmont, a region in northwest Italy that shares borders with France and Switzerland. The Piedmontese language area does not cover the whole region of Piedmont: other regional varieties are also present, including Occitan and Franco-Provençal in the west, Lombard in the east, and some Walser communities speaking a Germanic variety.(([[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-piemontesi_(Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano)/|Davide Ricca (2011). "Dialetti piemontesi." In Treccani Enciclopedia dell'Italiano.]]))+Piedmontese is spoken in Piedmont, a region in northwest Italy that shares borders with France and Switzerland. The Piedmontese language area does not cover the whole region of Piedmont: other regional varieties are also present, including Occitan and Franco-Provençal in the west, Lombard in the east, and some Walser communities speaking a Germanic variety.((Davide Ricca (2011). "Dialetti piemontesi." In Treccani Enciclopedia dell'Italiano.[[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-piemontesi_(Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano)]].))
  
-The Piedmontese language itself is often divided into several mutually intelligible dialects. The dominant dialect is that of Turin, the capital of the region. This variety has largely spread itself over the western part of the region (with some minor variations), and is known as //torinese//, //koinè//, or //alto-piemontese//. Other regional dialect groups include //canavese//, //biellese//, //valsesiano//, //alessandrino//, //monferrino//, and //langarolo//.(([[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-piemontesi_(Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano)/|Davide Ricca (2011). "Dialetti piemontesi." In Treccani Enciclopedia dell'Italiano.]]))(([[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pms|Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig (eds.) (2017). "Piedmontese". In Ethnologue: Languages of the world, 20th edition.]]))+The Piedmontese language itself is often divided into several mutually intelligible dialects. The dominant dialect is that of Turin, the capital of the region. This variety has largely spread itself over the western part of the region (with some minor variations), and is known as //torinese//, //koinè//, or //alto-piemontese//. Other regional dialect groups include //canavese//, //biellese//, //valsesiano//, //alessandrino//, //monferrino//, and //langarolo//.((Davide Ricca (2011). "Dialetti piemontesi." In Treccani Enciclopedia dell'Italiano.[[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-piemontesi_(Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano)]].))((Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig (eds.) (2017). "Piedmontese". In Ethnologue: Languages of the world, 20th edition.[[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pms]].))
  
 {{https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Piemont%C3%A8is.jpg/300px-Piemont%C3%A8is.jpg|Piedmontese linguistic map by F. Rubat Borel }} {{https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Piemont%C3%A8is.jpg/300px-Piemont%C3%A8is.jpg|Piedmontese linguistic map by F. Rubat Borel }}
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 This map, created by F. Rubat Borel, shows the languages spoken in Piedmont and the surrounding regions. Most of Piedmont itself is covered by Piedmontese, while Franco-Provençal, Occitan, Ligurian, Emilian, Lumbard and Walser German are all present on the edges. This map, created by F. Rubat Borel, shows the languages spoken in Piedmont and the surrounding regions. Most of Piedmont itself is covered by Piedmontese, while Franco-Provençal, Occitan, Ligurian, Emilian, Lumbard and Walser German are all present on the edges.
 ==== Speaker numbers ==== ==== Speaker numbers ====
-Estimates of the number of speakers of Piedmontese range from 700,000 to 2,000,000. Additionally, over a million inhabitants of the region say they have some passive knowledge of the language.(([[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pms|Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig (eds.) (2017). "Piedmontese". In Ethnologue: Languages of the world, 20th edition.]]))((Claudia Soria (2017). "Speakers' attitudes on Piedmontese: A case for vitality re-assessment", in Delyn Day, Poia Rewi, Rawinia Higgins (eds.), "The Journeys of Besieged Languages". Cambridge Scholars Publishing.))(([[http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/il-piemontese-e-la-prima-minoranza-della-repubblica/il-rapporto-ires-n-113/|Il Rapporto IRES 113: 3.140.000 locutori. Gioventura Piemontèisa]]))+Estimates of the number of speakers of Piedmontese range from 700,000 to 2,000,000. Additionally, over a million inhabitants of the region say they have some passive knowledge of the language.((Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig (eds.) (2017). "Piedmontese". In Ethnologue: Languages of the world, 20th edition.[[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pms]].))((Claudia Soria (2017). "Speakers' attitudes on Piedmontese: A case for vitality re-assessment", in Delyn Day, Poia Rewi, Rawinia Higgins (eds.), "The Journeys of Besieged Languages". Cambridge Scholars Publishing.))((Il Rapporto IRES 113: 3.140.000 locutori. Gioventura Piemontèisa[[http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/il-piemontese-e-la-prima-minoranza-della-repubblica/il-rapporto-ires-n-113/]]))
  
 ---- ----
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 Three levels of legislation (potentially) affect Piedmontese and its position in education: international/European legislation, national Italian law and regional law of Piedmonte. Three levels of legislation (potentially) affect Piedmontese and its position in education: international/European legislation, national Italian law and regional law of Piedmonte.
  
-On an international level, Italy has signed the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms|European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] in 2000, but has not yet ratified it.(([[http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/signatures|Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 148: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Council of Europe]])) The ratification law has been under examination by a parliamentary commission since 2000, and four successive legislatures have failed to complete the process of ratification.(([[http://www.eunews.it/2015/03/16/lingue-31976/31976|Silvo Boni (2015). Lingue regionali, l'Italia verso la ratifica della Carta europea di tutela. EUnews.it]])) The provisional text of the law would recognize and protect twelve linguistic minorities under the Charter. If passed, the ratification of the ECRML would grant additional status in education to the languages listed. However, the twelve languages considered for protection include several that are spoken in Piedmont, such as Franco-Provençal and Occitan, but not Piedmontese.(([[http://www.camera.it/leg17/126?tab=2&leg=17&idDocumento=108&sede=&tipo=|XVII Legislatura, Atto Camera 108. Proposta di legge: "Ratifica ed esecuzione della Carta europea delle lingue regionali o minoritarie, fatta a Strasburgo il 5 novembre 1992"]]))+On an international level, Italy has signed the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms|European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] in 2000, but has not yet ratified it.((Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 148: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Council of Europe. [[http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/signatures]].)) The ratification law has been under examination by a parliamentary commission since 2000, and four successive legislatures have failed to complete the process of ratification.((Silvo Boni (2015). Lingue regionali, l'Italia verso la ratifica della Carta europea di tutela. EUnews.it. [[http://www.eunews.it/2015/03/16/lingue-31976/31976]].)) The provisional text of the law would recognize and protect twelve linguistic minorities under the Charter. If passed, the ratification of the ECRML would grant additional status in education to the languages listed. However, the twelve languages considered for protection include several that are spoken in Piedmont, such as Franco-Provençal and Occitan, but not Piedmontese.((XVII Legislatura, Atto Camera 108. Proposta di legge: "Ratifica ed esecuzione della Carta europea delle lingue regionali o minoritarie, fatta a Strasburgo il 5 novembre 1992".[[http://www.camera.it/leg17/126?tab=2&leg=17&idDocumento=108&sede=&tipo=]].))
  
-In Italian national law, the Legge Statale 482 from 1999 recognizes and protects the same twelve minority languages considered for the European Charter. For the recognized languages, schools in territories where they are spoken are allowed to use the minority language as a medium of instruction in addition to Italian. However, under this law Piedmontese is not recognized and thus not granted any status in the education system.(([[http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm|Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482: "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche"]]))(([[http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cultura/cms/memoria-e-cultura-del-territorio-e-patrimonio-linguistico/culture-e-lingue-storiche-del-piemonte/normativa-nazionale.html|Culture e lingue storiche del Piemonte: Normativa nazionale. Regione Piemonte]]))+In Italian national law, the Legge Statale 482 from 1999 recognizes and protects the same twelve minority languages considered for the European Charter. For the recognized languages, schools in territories where they are spoken are allowed to use the minority language as a medium of instruction in addition to Italian. However, under this law Piedmontese is not recognized and thus not granted any status in the education system.((Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482: "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche".[[http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm]].))((Culture e lingue storiche del Piemonte: Normativa nazionale. Regione Piemonte. [[http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cultura/cms/memoria-e-cultura-del-territorio-e-patrimonio-linguistico/culture-e-lingue-storiche-del-piemonte/normativa-nazionale.html]].))
  
-In 1999 the regional government of Piedmont passed a motion officially recognizing Piedmontese as the regional language of Piedmont. In this motion, the regional government also asked the president of Italy to send the Legge Statale 482 (described above) back to the Parliament, to be amended with the inclusion of Piedmontese in the list of minority languages to be recognized and protected. This effort failed, meaning that Piedmontese has official status only on the regional level.(([[http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/odg1118.pdf|(PDF) Ordine del giorno n. 1118, 15 dicembre 1990. Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte]]))+In 1999 the regional government of Piedmont passed a motion officially recognizing Piedmontese as the regional language of Piedmont. In this motion, the regional government also asked the president of Italy to send the Legge Statale 482 (described above) back to the Parliament, to be amended with the inclusion of Piedmontese in the list of minority languages to be recognized and protected. This effort failed, meaning that Piedmontese has official status only on the regional level.((Ordine del giorno n. 1118, 15 dicembre 1990. Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte. [[http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/odg1118.pdf]].))
  
-The regional government of Piedmont first passed legislation to recognize and protect the linguistic minorities of the region in 1979, although this law did not include any direct practical measures.(([[http://arianna.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/ariaint/TESTO?LAYOUT=PRESENTAZIONE&TIPODOC=LEGGI&LEGGE=30&LEGGEANNO=1979|Legge regionale n. 30 del 20 giugno 1979: Tutela del patrimonio linguistico e culturale del Piemonte. Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte]])) In 1990, another regional law (n. 26) followed in which more specific measures were lined out to protect and promote the regional languages spoken in Piedmont, including Piedmontese as well as the other linguistic minorities. Article 5 of this law promotes courses for pre- and in-service teachers about the "linguistic and cultural heritage" of Piedmont, as well as elective courses teaching the regional languages and cultures of Piedmont for at least one hour a week available to students at all levels of education. The regional government also provided funding for these courses.(([[http://arianna.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/base/coord/c1990026.html|Legge regionale 10 aprile 1990, n. 26: Tutela, valorizzazione e promozione della conoscenza dell'originale patrimonio linguistico del Piemonte. Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte]]))+The regional government of Piedmont first passed legislation to recognize and protect the linguistic minorities of the region in 1979, although this law did not include any direct practical measures.((Legge regionale n. 30 del 20 giugno 1979: Tutela del patrimonio linguistico e culturale del Piemonte. Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte.[[http://arianna.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/ariaint/TESTO?LAYOUT=PRESENTAZIONE&TIPODOC=LEGGI&LEGGE=30&LEGGEANNO=1979]].)) In 1990, another regional law (n. 26) followed in which more specific measures were lined out to protect and promote the regional languages spoken in Piedmont, including Piedmontese as well as the other linguistic minorities. Article 5 of this law promotes courses for pre- and in-service teachers about the "linguistic and cultural heritage" of Piedmont, as well as elective courses teaching the regional languages and cultures of Piedmont for at least one hour a week available to students at all levels of education. The regional government also provided funding for these courses.((Legge regionale 10 aprile 1990, n. 26: Tutela, valorizzazione e promozione della conoscenza dell'originale patrimonio linguistico del Piemonte. Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte.[[http://arianna.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/base/coord/c1990026.html]].))
  
-The 1990 regional legislation was followed in 2009 by a new regional law on the protection, valorisation and promotion of the linguistic heritage of Piedmont. This law contained further provisions for Piedmontese and other regional languages in education, even allowing for a limited role of the regional languages as medium of instruction alongside Italian. However, in 2010 the Constitutional Court of Italy ruled that the parts of the law that put Piedmontese on an equal status with Occitan, Franco-Provençal, French and Walser German, with regards to recognition and protection, were unconstitutional. The status of Piedmontese in education has since been unclear.(([[http://arianna.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/ariaint/TESTO?LAYOUT=PRESENTAZIONE&TIPODOC=LEGGI&LEGGE=11&LEGGEANNO=2009|Legge regionale n. 11 del 7 aprile 2009: Tutela, valorizzazione e promozione del patrimonio linguistico del Piemonte. Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte]]))(([[http://www.cortecostituzionale.it/actionSchedaPronuncia.do?anno=2010&numero=170#|Sentenza N.170 2010. Corte Costituzionale]]))(([[http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cultura/cms/memoria-e-cultura-del-territorio-e-patrimonio-linguistico/culture-e-lingue-storiche-del-piemonte/strumenti-legislativi.html|Culture e lingue storiche del Piemonte: Strumenti legislativi. Regione Piemonte]]))+The 1990 regional legislation was followed in 2009 by a new regional law on the protection, valorisation and promotion of the linguistic heritage of Piedmont. This law contained further provisions for Piedmontese and other regional languages in education, even allowing for a limited role of the regional languages as medium of instruction alongside Italian. However, in 2010 the Constitutional Court of Italy ruled that the parts of the law that put Piedmontese on an equal status with Occitan, Franco-Provençal, French and Walser German, with regards to recognition and protection, were unconstitutional. The status of Piedmontese in education has since been unclear.((Legge regionale n. 11 del 7 aprile 2009: Tutela, valorizzazione e promozione del patrimonio linguistico del Piemonte. Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte.[[http://arianna.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/ariaint/TESTO?LAYOUT=PRESENTAZIONE&TIPODOC=LEGGI&LEGGE=11&LEGGEANNO=2009]].))((Sentenza N.170 2010. Corte Costituzionale.[[http://www.cortecostituzionale.it/actionSchedaPronuncia.do?anno=2010&numero=170#]].))((Culture e lingue storiche del Piemonte: Strumenti legislativi. Regione Piemonte. [[http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cultura/cms/memoria-e-cultura-del-territorio-e-patrimonio-linguistico/culture-e-lingue-storiche-del-piemonte/strumenti-legislativi.html]]))
  
 ===== Support structure for education of the language ===== ===== Support structure for education of the language =====
  
   * The official body governing education in Piedmont is the [[http://www.istruzionepiemonte.it/|Ufficio Scolastico Regionale Piemonte (Regional Education Office)]] of the national Ministery of Education, Universities and Research.   * The official body governing education in Piedmont is the [[http://www.istruzionepiemonte.it/|Ufficio Scolastico Regionale Piemonte (Regional Education Office)]] of the national Ministery of Education, Universities and Research.
-  * [[http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net|Gioventura Piemontèisa]] is a non-governmental organisation that promotes the Piedmontese language and culture. It keeps a registry of qualified teachers of Piedmontese and offers teacher training courses(([[http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/trasmette-%E2%80%98d-valor-per-meste-trasmettere-valori-per-professione/|Trasmettere valori per professione: Albo Ufficiale dei Docenti di Lingua Piemontese. Gioventura Piemontèisa]])).+  * [[http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net|Gioventura Piemontèisa]] is a non-governmental organisation that promotes the Piedmontese language and culture. It keeps a registry of qualified teachers of Piedmontese and offers teacher training courses((Trasmettere valori per professione: Albo Ufficiale dei Docenti di Lingua Piemontese. Gioventura Piemontèisa.[[http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/trasmette-%E2%80%98d-valor-per-meste-trasmettere-valori-per-professione/]].)).
 ===== Education in practice ===== ===== Education in practice =====
  
languages/piedmontese_in_italy.txt · Last modified: 2020/10/05 10:37 by ydwine

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