languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands
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languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2020/03/09 12:04] – [Institutional support for education of the language:] ydwine | languages:limburgish_in_the_netherlands [2023/06/29 12:41] (current) – [Local policy] ydwine | ||
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==== Language designations: | ==== Language designations: | ||
- | * In the language itself: Limburgs | + | * In the language itself: Limburgs, Limbörgs, Lèmburgs. In English also known as Limburgan. |
* [[general_information: | * [[general_information: | ||
==== Language vitality according to: ==== | ==== Language vitality according to: ==== | ||
- | ^ [[http:// | + | ^ [[http:// |
- | | {{ : | + | | {{ : |
==== Linguistic aspects: ===== | ==== Linguistic aspects: ===== | ||
- | * Classification: | + | * Classification: |
* Script: Latin | * Script: Latin | ||
- | ==== Language | + | ==== Language |
- | There have been several different orthographies for Limburgish. “Vereniging Veldeke” has published the first official “Veldeke-spelling (orhography)” for Limburgish in 1952. The second orthography followed in 1983. However, in 2003, the third orthography, | + | |
- | + | ||
+ | There have been several different orthographies for Limburgish (varieties). [[languages: | ||
===== Demographics ===== | ===== Demographics ===== | ||
Line 20: | Line 18: | ||
==== Language Area ==== | ==== Language Area ==== | ||
- | Limburgish in the Netherlands is spoken in the province of Limburg (([[https:// | + | In the Netherlands, Limburgish |
+ | |||
+ | Limburgish is not one standard language, but has many (mutually intelligble) varieties. Nevertheless, | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Limburgish varieties can be distinguished in several groups ((Veldeke Limburg. (n.d.). //Limburgse taal//. [[https:// | ||
+ | * East-Limburgish (e.g. Roermond, Sittard) | ||
+ | * Central-Limburgish (e.g. Maastricht, Weert) | ||
+ | * Mich-quarter (e.g. Venlo) | ||
+ | * Kleverlands/ | ||
+ | * Ripuarian (e.g. Kerkrade) | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | |||
+ | However, varieties commenly are identified by the town/city ((Limburgse Academie. (n.d.). //Limburgse Taal.// [[https:// | ||
+ | * Kerkrade: Kirchröadsj | ||
+ | * Maastricht: Mestreechs | ||
+ | * Sittard: Zitterds | ||
+ | * Roermond: Remunjs | ||
+ | * Venlo: Venloos | ||
+ | * Weert: Wieërtlands | ||
+ | * Region Valkenberg: Valkebergs, Bergs, Hölsbergs, Houtems, Subs, Sjins ((Diederen, E. en Lahey, M. (2008). Gemeinte Valkeberg aan de Geul. // | ||
+ | |||
+ | The maps below show: left) the province of Limburg | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
- | {{ : | ||
- | Source: (([[http:// | ||
- | However, Limburgish is also spoken in Belgium and Germany (([[https:// | ||
==== Speaker numbers ==== | ==== Speaker numbers ==== | ||
- | In 2001 there were around 700.000 speakers of Limburgish in the Netherlands (([[https:// | ||
+ | In total (i.e. The Netherlands, | ||
+ | |||
+ | There is no data on speaker numbers of Limburgish in the Netherlands. In 2020, there was a total of 111,720,1 inhabitants in the province of Limburg ((Etil Research Group. (2021 September 20). // | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Language use ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2021, a survey (N=1011) was held in Limburg which showed that the percentage of fluent speakers is largest with people aged 65 and over (74%), and Limburgish language use drops with every younger generation, that is 72% for people aged 50-64, 64% for people aged 35-49, and 52% for people aged 18-34((R& | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | There are two recent surveys, a national survey (N=3.559) and a survey in the province of Limburg which report on language use in different social settings, of which the Limburg survey (N=788) shows higher percentages throughout: | ||
+ | ^ conversational partner ^ language use: Limburgish only\\ national survey 2019((Taalunie. (2019) //De Staat van het Nederlands: Publieksrapport 2019// [Eng: State of Play of Dutch: public report]. Nederlandse Taalunie. [[https:// | ||
+ | | partner | 38,0% | 41,2 % | 57% | | ||
+ | | children | 28,5% | 29,1 % | 49% | | ||
+ | | parents | 60,8% | 61,4% | - | | ||
+ | | family members | - | - | 82% | | ||
+ | | friends | 46,2% | 52,5% | 88| | ||
+ | | colleagues | - | - | 55% | | ||
+ | | at the supermarket| 39,2% | 39,9 % | 73% (with staff) | | ||
+ | | at the market | 35,4% | 36,7 % | 73% (with staff) | | ||
+ | | at official institutes | ||
+ | | at the GP | 27,2% | 28,5% | 38% | | ||
+ | | in hospital | 39,2% | 40,5% | - | | ||
+ | | with strangers on the street | - | - | 45% | | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Language attitudes & education ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the survey on language use in Limburg (2021), respondents (N=1011) were asked about Limburgish in education. Whereas a majority of 53% agreed that schools should pay attention to Limburgish, the agreeance decreases to 32% for kindergartens to use the language as medium of instuction, and to 14% for more scientic research. To promote the language, more funding should be made available by the provincial government according to 34% and by the national government according to 19% ((R& | ||
---- | ---- | ||
====== Education of the language ====== | ====== Education of the language ====== | ||
- | ===== History of language education: ===== | + | ===== History of language education ===== |
- | On the 19th of Oktober 1995, the Secretary of State for the Interior agreed with the addition of Lower Saxon and Yiddish to the list of languages to be protected by part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ((Sjaak Kroon and Ton Vallen, ‘Dialect in Limburg’, Studie in Meertaligheid, | + | |
+ | Since 1920, the national law on primary education has the provision that a regional language can be used as medium of instruction, | ||
+ | ===language attitudes in school=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 1973, the // | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the same period as the Kerkradeproject, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Fifteen years later, a study looked into the effects of the Kerkradeproject, | ||
===== Legislation of language education ===== | ===== Legislation of language education ===== | ||
- | The listing of Limburgish under part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages facilitates its promotion across different layers of society such as education. Beside, there is a law, ‘De Wet op het Primair Onderwijs’, | ||
- | ===== Institutional | + | ==== European legislation |
- | For elementary | + | |
+ | === European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages === | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 1992, the Netherlands [[general_information: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Given the recognition of Lower-Saxon in the Netherlands in particular, the question was raised whether Limburgish, with a similar situation to this language group, should be recognised too, and as a result of this, the working group //Werkgroep Erkenning Limburgs als Streektaal// | ||
+ | |||
+ | In March 1996, this working group published a recommendation((Werkgroep Erkenning Limburgs als Streektaal. (1996, March 4). Advies inzake de erkenning van het Limburgs als streektaal [Eng: Advice on the recognition of Limburgish as a regional language]. [[https:// | ||
+ | * the structure of Limburgish, which differs from the national language, Dutch; | ||
+ | * the language attitudes of the speakers; | ||
+ | * the communicative function of Limburgish | ||
+ | |||
+ | Though the Nederlandse Taalunie (Language Union) gave a negative advice to recognise Limburgish, the Ministry of the Interior adopted this recommendation from the working group in February 1997, and so, in March 1997 Limburg was recognised under [[general_information: | ||
+ | |||
+ | This facilitates its promotion across different layers of society such as education, with article 7 paragraphs: | ||
+ | * c) the need for resolute action to promote regional or minority languages in order to safeguard them; | ||
+ | * d) the facilitation and/or encouragement of the use of regional or minority languages, in speech and writing, in public and private life; | ||
+ | * f) the provision of appropriate forms and means for the teaching and study of regional or minority languages at all appropriate stages; | ||
+ | * g) the provision of facilities enabling non-speakers of a regional or minority language living in the area where it is used to learn it if they so desire; | ||
+ | * h) the promotion of study and research on regional or minority languages at universities or equivalent institutions; | ||
+ | |||
+ | The secretary-general of the Nederlandse Taalunie stated in 1999, that the recognition of Limburgish was a " | ||
+ | |||
+ | In April 2023, an open letter written by [[languages: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== National legislation ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Covenant on Limburgish language === | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2019, The Dutch government recognised Limburgish as "as an essential, fully-fledged and independent regional language in the Netherlands" | ||
+ | |||
+ | The preamble (re)confirms that, by national law, Limburgish is allowed as medium of instruction at kindergarten and primary education, and Limburgish can be taught in addition to the curriculum at secondary education. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In April 2023, an open letter written by [[languages: | ||
+ | * the educational laws to allow the use of Limburgish as medium of instruction, | ||
+ | * the educational laws to allow Limburgish as subject and programme item, in secondary, vocational and higher education; | ||
+ | * the Dutch national government to support | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Educational laws === | ||
+ | |||
+ | In pre-school education, the [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | In primary education, the [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | In secondary education, until August 2022, the //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// [Eng: Secondary Education Act] stated that, when "a regional language is in active use", this language can be also be used as the medium of instruction, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Local policy==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In October 2015, several Limburgish language [[languages: | ||
+ | In November 2017, the provincial government of Limburg pledged to develop language policy for Limburgish, which came in the form of the framework policy document [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | For education, //'n Laeve lank Limburgs// states to increase language transition in education, and raise the level of knowledge about multilingualism. Especially in pre-school | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the policy document //Erfgoed 2022-2023// (Eng: Heritage 2022-2023), there is a section on Limburgish, and a budget of €95000 for language per year, but no concrete measures for education are mentioned ((Provincie Limburg. //De kracht van erfgoed: Beleidsbrief Erfgoed 2022 – 2023// (Eng: The power of heritage: Policy Document Heritage 2022-2023)). | ||
+ | |||
+ | In April 2023, an open letter written by [[languages: | ||
+ | * Limburgish is used as a medium of instruction on an equal footing with Dutch; | ||
+ | * personnel policy ensures that there are sufficient Limburgish-speaking employees in pre-school education and that speaking the language is used as a criterion in new employment contracts; | ||
+ | * the municipalities monitor compliance with these agreements and regularly send progress reports. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Support structure for education of the language ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Institutional support==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since 2001, the [[languages: | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2005, some teaching materials up to grade 5 in primary school were developed by the [[languages: | ||
For grade 6 and higher there is a teaching brochure called ' | For grade 6 and higher there is a teaching brochure called ' | ||
- | For secondary education materials exist for grade 9 and directed at all the different educational levels present in the Netherlands (Vwo, Havo and Vmbo). The materials were developed for both Limburgish as well as non-Limburgish speaking pupils ((Sjaak Kroon and Ton Vallen, | + | For secondary education materials exist for grade 9 and directed at all the different educational levels present in the Netherlands (Vwo, Havo and Vmbo). The materials were developed for both Limburgish as well as non-Limburgish speaking pupils ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, |
- | The Province of Limburg subsidized a course developed for Higher Vocational Education. This course was named “Limburgs Dialect” or” Liergank Limburgs”. The aim was to make Limburgish also accepted during administrative meetings ((Sjaak Kroon and Ton Vallen, | + | The Province of Limburg subsidized a course developed for Higher Vocational Education. This course was named “Limburgs Dialect” or” Liergank Limburgs”. The aim was to make Limburgish also accepted during administrative meetings ((Kroon, S., & Vallen, |
+ | ====Financial support==== | ||
- | ==== Language learning materials: ==== | ||
- | Elementary school: 'Dien eige taal' and for grade 6 and higher there is a teaching folder called 'Limburgs | + | The provincial government of Limburg has budgeted €95000 per year for language in 2022 and 2023. The provincial government of Limburg also provides incidental subsidies for educational projects, such as [[languages: |
+ | In the 7th report cycle on the [[general_information: | ||
- | Secondary education:'Wiejer | + | The provincial government of Limburg provides structural subsidies for organisations, |
- | Higher Vocational | + | |
+ | Education | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Language learning materials==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Via projects and initiatives, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Pre-school education=== | ||
+ | * Piepekoek (Eng: peekaboo). \\ Short animated videos for chidlren in pre-school education. Developed by Raod veur 't Limburgs in 2018. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===Primary edcation=== | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //Dien eige taol/ Dien eige taal/ Dien Eigen Taal// | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //Limburgs op de kaart// (Eng; Limburgish on the map) \\ A folder developed by De Raod veur 't Limburgs in 2007, and distributed for free to schools in Limburg ((1Limburg. (2007, October 12). Raod veur 't Limburgs komt met dialectenkaart. // | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Secondary education=== | ||
+ | *//Wiejer in dien eige taal// (Eng: Further in your own language) \\ This book was made available in several Limburgish varieties (Remunjs, Zitterds, Gelaens) in 2006, and was developed by the Buro Streektaol Nederlands-Limbörgs, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Higher/ Vocational education=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * //Liergank Limburgs// (Eng: course on Limburgish) \\ A course ' | ||
===== Education presence ===== | ===== Education presence ===== | ||
- | It's unclear how many hours in class are spent on Limburgish, nor on the extent to which above-mentioned materials are used in class. | ||
+ | ===pre-school education=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2012, the Committee of Experts on the [[general_information: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===primary & secondary education=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Limburgish was taught (optionally) at up to 80 primary schools and up to 20 secondary schools in 2012 ((Committee of Experts on the Charter. (2012, October 24). //European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: application of the charter in the Netherlands -4th monitoring cycle. // Council of Europe. [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Each year, Veldeke Limburg organises a poem recitation competition for children at primary schools, for group3/4 (6-8 year old), group 5/6 (8-10 year old), and group 7/8 (10-12 year old) ((Veldeke Limburg (n.d.). Declamatiewedstrijd. //Veldeke Limburg.// [[ https:// | ||
+ | Kinderen dragen gedichten voor in dialect. //Omroep P&M// [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===higher education=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since 2011, Prof Dr Leonie Cornips is professor ' | ||
---- | ---- | ||
- | ===== Online | + | ===== Learning resources ===== |
+ | |||
+ | ====Organisations==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * Het Hoes veur ’t Limburgs (Eng: The House for Limburgish) \\ A (future) knowledge and expertise centre, an initiative e.g. Raod veur ’t Limburgs, Veldeke Limburg and Levende Talen Limburgs, initiated in 2022. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Online resources==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Linguistics, | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
- | Online, there is a course to learn Roermonds (([http:// | + | ===Learning materials==== |
- | If you are able to speak Limburgish but you also want to learn how to write in Limburgish, | + | * [[https:// |
+ | * [[https://www.piepekoek.nl/|Piepekoek]] (Eng: peekaboo). Short animated videos for chidlren in pre-school education. Developed by Raod veur 't Limburgs. | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
- | A document on Limburgish orthography ‘Spelling 2003’ is available online and can be used to learn to write in Limburgish. The pdf-document can be found here: [[http:// | + | ===Other ==== |
- | [[http:// | + | |
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// |
languages/limburgish_in_the_netherlands.1583751882.txt.gz · Last modified: 2020/03/09 12:04 by ydwine