Minority languages

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====== Kashubian in Poland ======

==== Language designations: ====
  * In the language itself: Kaszëbi
  * [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]] standard: csb

==== Language vitality according to: ====
^ [[http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/|UNESCO]]          ^ [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/csb/|Ethnologue]]  ^ [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3453|Endangered Languages]]  ^  [[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kash1274|Glottolog]]  ^
|  {{:endangerment:orange.png?nolink|Severely Endangered}}  |  {{:endangerment:red.png?nolink|Moribund}}  |  {{:endangerment:orange.png?nolink|Vulnerable}}  |  {{:endangerment:yellow.png?nolink|Threatened}}  |

==== Linguistic aspects: ====
  * Classification: Indo-European → West-Slavic. See [[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kash1274|kash1274]] at [[http://glottolog.org/|Glottolog]] for more information.

==== Language standardization ====
Agreement on a unified spelling system for literary Kashubian was reached in 1996 (([[http://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/dossiers_pdf/kashubian_in_poland.pdf|Mercator Regional Dossier: //Kashubian in Poland//, 2004]]))

=== quote on linguistic distance to the standardized form ===
 

//"I started to learn Kashubian at school and then I decided to take the Kashubian final exam. I said to my mum: 'You have to speak Kashubian with me now'. And we started to speak Kashubian. But once my mum said to me that I spoke a different Kashubian and that it would be better for me not to hear her uneducated language. And she refused to speak Kashubian with me".//((Excerpt from Nicole Dolowy-Wybinska, ‘Young Kashubs and Language Policy: Between Officialisation and Community’, in Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages, by Mari C. Jones (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015)
))


===== Language Area =====

Kashubian is a West Slavic language spoken in Northern Poland in the province of Pomerania (województwo pomorskie). Below are shown Kashubian speaker percentages in the province Województwo Pomorskie ((By courtesy of Jacek Jan Pawlowski))

{{url>https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1ob5bXsF4VoYfiKDq6U-tHUSqmdY 500px,400px noborder left|Area where Kashub is spoken}}
==== Demographics ====
  * The 2011 census states that 108.000 people used Kashubian at home (([[http://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/en/defaultaktualnosci/3328/3/8/1/demographic_yearbook_2014.pdf|Demographic Yearbook of Poland 2014]]))


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====== Legislation protecting the language ======
===== History of language education: =====
Historically and paleo-ethnologically, the Kashubs are said to be direct descendants of the Pomeranians, a Slavic people that inhabited the Baltic coast between the Vistula and the Oder rivers, perhaps even as far westward as the Elbe, in the early Middle Ages, and who long constituted a serious threat to the Lekhits – the ancestors of what later would be the Polish nation. The modern history of Kashub began in the mid-19th century, with ideas brought by the Spring of Nations and the pan-Slavic movement ((Wicherkiewicz, Alfred, and Tomasz Majewicz, National Minority Languages in Media and Education in Poland : A Preliminary Report, 1990
)).

==Modified: 23-08-2016, 16:19==


===== European legislation: =====
  * Kashubian is covered under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#Part III of the European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|Part III]] of the Charter
  * [[https://rm.coe.int/polandpr3-en-docx/1680981491|Download]] the latest Council of Europe report (2019) about the application of the Regional Charter for Minority Languages in Poland. 

===== National legislation: ======

The //Law  on  the  system  of  educatio// of  1991 gives pupils the right to maintain their national, ethnic, religious and  linguistic  identity. Classes in/on their mother tongue, history and culture are allowed((Mercator Research Centre. (2004). //Kashubian: the Kashubian language in education in Poland.//Mercator Research Centre. [[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/kashubian_in_poland.pdf]].)).

The //Decree of the Minister of National Education and Sports on conditions and methods for enabling pupils belonging to national minorities and ethnic groups to maintain their national, ethnic and linguistic identity// of 2002((Mercator Research Centre. (2004). //Kashubian: the Kashubian language in education in Poland.//Mercator Research Centre. [[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/kashubian_in_poland.pdf]].)).

Poland's [[http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/english/files/act_on_national_minorities.pdf|Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and the Regional Language (2005)]] states that: 
  * Kashubian is the only //regional language// of Poland;
  * the national government should provide Kashubian education and promotion with some financial support. 
  * Kashubian may be used to some extent in official communication in those municipalities, where Kashubian is a so-called //auxiliary language//. For more details, see the [[http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/english/files/act_on_national_minorities.pdf|act itself]].

=== Quote from a Kashubian speaker: ====
//"Because this language is important to us, we are thrilled that it is so far Poland's only regional language; it gives us many benefits but it also makes us more proud of it. Because a dialect is not the same. A regional language is something more important, something we can be proud of and it can spur us into further action".//((Excerpt from Nicole Dolowy-Wybinska, ‘Young Kashubs and Language Policy: Between Officialisation and Community’, in Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages, by Mari C. Jones (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015)
))

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====== Education in practice ======



Primary schools offering Kashubian classes in 2003/2004((Mercator Research Centre. (2004). //Kashubian: the Kashubian language in education in Poland.//Mercator Research Centre. [[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/kashubian_in_poland.pdf]].)).

|//Subject// | //Number of schools// |// Hours per week// |// Number of children// | 
|Kashubian language | 1 | 4 | total: 2,951 |
| |31 | 3 | |
| | 18| 2| |
| |2| 1| |
|Kashubian language and regional culture| 3 | 3| total: 358|
| | 2 | 2 | |
| | 1 | 1 | | 
|Regional education with elements of Kashubian language | 4 | 3 | total: 1,358|
| | 5 | 2 | |
| | 4 | 1 | |

Lower secondary schools offering Kashubian classes in 2003/2004((Mercator Research Centre. (2004). //Kashubian: the Kashubian language in education in Poland.//Mercator Research Centre. [[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/kashubian_in_poland.pdf]].)).

|//Subject// | //Number of schools// |// Hours per week// |// Number of children// | 
| Kashubian language | 5 | 3 | total: 179 |
| | 1 | 2 | | 
| | 1 | 1 | |
|Kashubian language and regional culture | 3 | 2 | total:159 |
|Regional education with elements of Kashubian language | 2 | 2 | total: 108 |
| | 2 | 1 | |



====== Learning resources and educational institutions ======

  * [[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashubian.htm|Omniglot]] with phrases and numbers
  * [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3454/guide|Endangered Languages]] videos
  * [[https://baltoslav.eu/hulnia/csb.php?mova=en|Kashubian words in pictures]], a game
  * [[https://literat.ug.edu.pl/remus/0100.htm|dictionary]] (Kashubian-Polish)

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====== Mercator's Regional Dossier ======

[[http://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/dossiers_pdf/kashubian_in_poland.pdf|{{:images:dossier.png?nolink|}}]][[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/kashubian_in_poland.pdf|Read more]] about Kashubian language education in Mercator's Regional Dossier (2004).