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--- languages:gronings_in_the_netherlands [2025/07/01 13:50] – [Language standardisation] ydwine
+++ languages:gronings_in_the_netherlands [2025/07/15 09:35] (current) – [Support structure for education of the language:] ydwine
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 ==== Language standardisation ====
-Low Saxon is not one standardised language, but a language family. The main varieties in the Netherlands are Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Sallands, Stellingwerfs, Twents, Urks and Veluws. Within these varieties of Low Saxon, different dialects can be found. Examples of the dialects that constitute Gronings are Groningen-East Frisian, Veenkoloniaals, Westerwolds and West Groningen. (( Glottolog. (n.d.). //Spoken L1 Language: Gronings. //[[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gron1242]].)) The varieties within the province of Groningen are however codified (Bloemhoff et al., 2013, p. 499). ((Bloemhoff, Henk; Hermann Niebaum, Jan Nijen Twilhaar and Harrie Scholtmeijer (2013) “Low Saxon Phonology”. In //Language and Space. An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation Volume 3: Dutch//, ed. Hinskens, Frans and Johan Taeldeman, 454-475. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.))
+Low Saxon is not one standardised language, but a language family. The main varieties in the Netherlands are Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Sallands, Stellingwerfs, Twents, Urks and Veluws. Within these varieties of Low Saxon, different dialects can be found. Examples of the dialects that constitute Gronings are Groningen-East Frisian, Veenkoloniaals, Westerwolds and West Groningen((Glottolog. (n.d.). //Spoken L1 Language: Gronings//. Glottolog. Retrieved June 23, 2025, from [[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gron1242]].)). The varieties within the province of Groningen are however codified (Bloemhoff et al., 2013, p. 499). ((Bloemhoff, Henk; Hermann Niebaum, Jan Nijen Twilhaar and Harrie Scholtmeijer (2013) “Low Saxon Phonology”. In //Language and Space. An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation Volume 3: Dutch//, ed. Hinskens, Frans and Johan Taeldeman, 454-475. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.))
-\\ Spelling rules were introduced in the early 1950s in Groningen, which were based on the second edition of K. ter Laan's //Nieuw Gronings Woordenboek// (Bloemhoff et al., 2020, p. 84). ((Bloemhoff, H., Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, P., Nijen Twilhaar, J., Nijkeuter H., & Scholtmeijer H. (2020). //Introduction to Dutch Low Saxon Language and Literature.//Koninklijke van Gorcum.))In the 1980s Siemon Reker published an adapted version of ter Laan's dictionary ((Bloemhoff, H., Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, P., Nijen Twilhaar, J., Nijkeuter H., & Scholtmeijer H. (2020). //Introduction to Dutch Low Saxon Language and Literature.//Koninklijke van Gorcum.)). The dictionaries of ter Laan and Reker, as well as Reker's spelling rules for Gronings, can be found on [[https://www.woordwaark.nl/| WoordWaark]]. The website is a joint effort of the [[https://www.cgtc.nl/| Centrum Groninger Taal & Cultuur]] and the [[https://www.rug.nl/| University of Groningen]].
+Spelling rules were introduced in the early 1950s in Groningen, which were based on the second edition of K. ter Laan's //Nieuw Gronings Woordenboek// (Bloemhoff et al., 2020, p. 84) ((Bloemhoff, H., Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, P., Nijen Twilhaar, J., Nijkeuter H., & Scholtmeijer H. (2020). //Introduction to Dutch Low Saxon Language and Literature.//Koninklijke van Gorcum.)). In the 1980s, Siemon Reker published an adapted version of ter Laan's dictionary ((Bloemhoff, H., Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, P., Nijen Twilhaar, J., Nijkeuter H., & Scholtmeijer H. (2020). //Introduction to Dutch Low Saxon Language and Literature.//Koninklijke van Gorcum.)).
+The dictionaries of ter Laan and Reker, as well as Reker's spelling rules for Gronings, can be found on [[https://www.woordwaark.nl/| WoordWaark]]. The website //Woordwark// provides a dictionary (Gronings-Dutch and vice versa), a corpus (Gronings-Dutch), and a map with regional differences in lexicon. //Woordwark// is a joint effort of the [[https://www.cgtc.nl/| Centrum Groninger Taal & Cultuur]] and the [[https://www.rug.nl/| University of Groningen]].
@@ Line 71: / Line 75: @@
 ===== History of language education: =====
-Low Saxon has never been part of education curriculum and schools are not obligated to incorporate any kind of courses on Low Saxon (Bloemhoff et al., 2020, p. 105).((Bloemhoff, Henk; Philomène Bloemhoff-de Buijn, Jan Nijen Twilhaar, Henk Nijkeuter and Harrie Scholtmeijer (2020) Introduction to Dutch Low Saxon Language and Literature. Assen: Koninklijke van Gorcum.))
+Low Saxon has never been part of education curriculum and schools are not obligated to incorporate any kind of courses on Low Saxon (Bloemhoff et al., 2020, p. 105)((Bloemhoff, H., Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, P., Nijen Twilhaar, J., Nijkeuter H., & Scholtmeijer H. (2020). //Introduction to Dutch Low Saxon Language and Literature.//Koninklijke van Gorcum.)).
-Low Saxon is barely represented in traditional media. It is not in use in national broadcasting but sometimes on local and regional television or radio (Bloemhoff et al. 2020, p. 109). ((Bloemhoff, Henk; Philomène Bloemhoff-de Buijn, Jan Nijen Twilhaar, Henk Nijkeuter and Harrie Scholtmeijer (2020) Introduction to Dutch Low Saxon Language and Literature. Assen: Koninklijke van Gorcum.))
+Low Saxon is barely represented in traditional media. It is not in use in national broadcasting but sometimes on local and regional television or radio (Bloemhoff et al. 2020, p. 109)((Bloemhoff, H., Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, P., Nijen Twilhaar, J., Nijkeuter H., & Scholtmeijer H. (2020). //Introduction to Dutch Low Saxon Language and Literature.//Koninklijke van Gorcum.)).
-The regional station in Groningen, RTV Noord, airs for about 15 hours per week in Gronings (ibid).((Bloemhoff, Henk; Philomène Bloemhoff-de Buijn, Jan Nijen Twilhaar, Henk Nijkeuter and Harrie Scholtmeijer (2020) Introduction to Dutch Low Saxon Language and Literature. Assen: Koninklijke van Gorcum.))
+The regional station in Groningen, RTV Noord, airs for about 15 hours per week in Gronings ((Bloemhoff, H., Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, P., Nijen Twilhaar, J., Nijkeuter H., & Scholtmeijer H. (2020). //Introduction to Dutch Low Saxon Language and Literature.//Koninklijke van Gorcum.)).
 Online learning resources have only been started to be developed recently, as will be discussed in the chapters below.
@@ Line 94: / Line 98: @@
 [[https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/ronl-61f99fb6-c373-4fef-a75b-560a6336b49d/pdf|The Covenant on the Recognition by The Netherlands of the Low Saxon Regional Language ]]([[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandspr6-appendix-2-en/1680950097|English version]]) was signed by the Minister of Interior and the governmental representatives of the provinces of Drenthe, Fryslân, Gelderland, Groningen, Overijssel, and of the municipalities of West- and Ooststellingwerf on October 18th, 2018. The province of Flevoland and the municipalities of Urk and Bunschoten joined at a later moment, and signed the covenant on September 13th, 2024 ((Provincie Flevoland. (2024, Sept 13). //Convenant ondertekend voor behoud van streektaal// [Covenant signed to preserve regional language]. https://flevoland.nl/actueel/convenant-ondertekend-voor-behoud-van-streektaal)).
-With the Covenant, the Dutch government "recognises the Low Saxon regional language as an intrinsic, integral and independent part of the language system of the Netherlands", and all parties "will make every effort within their power and will cooperate to preserve the Low Saxon language in the Netherlands and to promote its use, without passing new legislation" (translations from [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandspr6-appendix-2-en/1680950097]]). Possibilities for education are mentioned in reference to the national educational laws.
+With the Covenant, the Dutch government "recognises the Low Saxon regional language as an intrinsic, integral and independent part of the language system of the Netherlands", and all parties "will make every effort within their power and will cooperate to preserve the Low Saxon language in the Netherlands and to promote its use, without passing new legislation" (translations from [[https://rm.coe.int/netherlandspr6-appendix-2-en/1680950097|Council of Europe]]). Possibilities for education are mentioned in reference to the national educational acts .
-===Educational laws ===
+===Educational acts ===
-Legislation regarding education is made at national level.
+Legislation regarding education is made at national level. The compulsory school age is between 5 and 16 years. Most children in the Netherlands start school aged 4, in the first year of primary education. Students between 16-18 years are obliged to attain a so-called qualification certificate, a diploma for //havo// (senior general secondary education), //vwo// (pre-university education), or //mbo// (secondary vocational education) ((Rijksoverheid. (n.d.). //Leerplicht en kwalificatieplicht// [Compulsory education and qualification requirement]. Rijksoverheid. Retrieved June 23, 2025, from [[https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/leerplicht/leerplicht-en-kwalificatieplicht]].))
   * Pre-school education (0-4 years)
-In pre-school education, the [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0017017/2023-01-01/0|Wet Kinderopvang]] [Eng: Childcare Act] states that, when "a regional language which is in lively use", this language can be also be used as the medium of instruction, besides Dutch ((Wet Kinderopvang 2004 [Childcare Act]. (2004, July 9). [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0017017/2023-01-01/0]].)). This allows for the use of Gronings.
+In pre-school education, the [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0017017/2023-01-01/0|Wet Kinderopvang]] (English: Childcare Act) states that "a regional language which is in lively use" (Dutch: "een streektaal in levend gebruik") can be also be used as the medium of instruction, besides Dutch ((Wet Kinderopvang 2004 [Childcare Act]. (2004, July 9). [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0017017/2023-01-01/0]].)). This allows for the use of Gronings.
-As of January 2025, there is a legal requirement for employees to have a Dutch language certificate at B2 level according to the Common European Framework of Reference ((ministerie SZW, Ministerie OCW & Brancheorganisatie Kinderopvang. (2024, december 24). //De taaleis in de kinderopvang: Aantoonbaarheidseisen taaleis IKK en taaleis VE// [The language requirement in day care: requirements of demonstrability language requirement IKK and language requirement VE]. Overheid. [[https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/fd15d555-b0f8-46de-9329-d309fc2c74a2/file]].)). Employees who use another language full time, are exempt for a Dutch certificate, but are required to have a certificate at B2 level for the language of instruction.
+  * Primary education (4-12 years)
+In primary education, the [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003420/2023-01-01/0|Wet op het primair onderwijs]] (English: Primary Education Act) states that, when "a regional language which is in lively use", this language can be also be used as the medium of instruction, besides Dutch ((Wet op het primair onderwijs [Eng: Primary Education Act]. (1981, July 2). [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003420/2023-01-01/0]].)). This allows for the use of Gronings, as underlined by the Covenant on the Recognition by The Netherlands of the Low Saxon Regional Language.
-  * Primary school education (4-12 years)
+For primary education, attainment targets (in Dutch: //kerndoelen//) for all schools are established on a national level since 1993. The current attainment targets (set in 2006) do not include targets for Low Saxon. The organisation //Ijsselacademie// (a knowledge institute for regional history and Low saxon language and culture) therefore, initiated the development of five [[https://huusvandetaol.nl/nl/kerndoelen-nedersaksisch/|attainment targets for Low Saxon]]] ((Huus van de Taol. (n.d.). //Kerndoelen Nedersaksisch// [Attainment Targets Low Saxon]. Huus van de Taol. Retrieved June 23, 2025, from [[https://huusvandetaol.nl/nl/kerndoelen-nedersaksisch/]].)). The five attainment targets for Low Saxon are based on sixteen attainment targets and five basic skills from the official document, and cover attitude, processing information, speaking skills & vocabulary, writing skills, and history ((Huus van de Taol. (n.d.). //Kerndoelen Nedersaksisch// [Attainment Targets Low Saxon]. Huus van de Taol. Retrieved June 23, 2025, from [[https://huusvandetaol.nl/nl/kerndoelen-nedersaksisch/]].)). New official and national attainment targets are developed and expected to be adopted in August 2026 ((Rijksoverheid. (n.d.). //Vernieuwen curriculum primair onderwijs en voortgezet onderwijs// [Renewal curriculum primary education and secondary education]. Rijkoverheid. Retrieved 23 June, 2025, from [[https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/toekomst-onderwijs/toekomstgericht-curriculum]].)). Concepts published in 2025 include sub-targets for Dutch lessons such as: "to provide space to the various languages and language varieties of the pupils"((SLO. (2025). //Functionele kerndoelen voor Nederlands en rekenen en wiskunde// [Functional attanment targets for Dutch, arithmetics and mathematics]. SLO. [[https://www.actualisatiekerndoelen.nl/updates/kerndoelen-nederlands-en-rekenen-en-wiskunde-gepubliceerd-3]]. original text in Dutch: "ruimte bieden aan verschillende talen en taalvariëteiten van leerlingen.")). Though these attainment targets show more opportunities to include home languages and multilingualism, Low Saxon is not explicitly mentioned (there are attainment targets for [[languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands|Frisian]] in primary education, since 1993).
-In primary education, the [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003420/2023-01-01/0|Wet op het primair onderwijs]] [Primary Education Act] states that, when "a regional language which is in lively use", this language can be also be used as the medium of instruction, besides Dutch ((Wet op het primair onderwijs [Eng: Primary Education Act]. (1981, July 2). [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003420/2023-01-01/0]].)). This allows for the use of Gronings, as underlined by the Covenant on the Recognition by The Netherlands of the Low Saxon Regional Language.
-  * Secondary school education (12-16/18 years)
+  * Secondary education (12-16/18 years)
-The //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// (English: Secondary Education Act) allows to deviate from Dutch as language of instruction when the subject is about another language, or when it is necessary to do so for pupils because of their linguistic background ((Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020, BWBR0044212 [Secondary Education Act of 2020]. (2020, September 30). Retrieved October 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-01-01/0]].)).
+The //Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs// (English: Secondary Education Act) allows to deviate from Dutch as language of instruction when the subject is about another language, or when it is necessary to do so for pupils because of their linguistic background ((Wet voortgezet onderwijs 2020, BWBR0044212 [Secondary Education Act of 2020]. (2020, September 30). Retrieved Octobe 15, 2024, from [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044212/2024-01-01/0]].)).
+For the lower grades of secondary education, attainment targets (in Dutch: //kerndoelen//) for all schools are established on a national level since 1993. The current attainment targets (set in 2006) do not include targets for Low Saxon. New attainment targets are developed and expected to be adopted in August 2026 ((Rijksoverheid. (n.d.). //Vernieuwen curriculum primair onderwijs en voortgezet onderwijs// [Renewal curriculum primary education and secondary education]. Rijkoverheid. Retrieved 23 June, 2025, from [[https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/toekomst-onderwijs/toekomstgericht-curriculum]].)). Concepts published in 2025 include similar sub-targets for Dutch lessons as primary education, such as: "to provide space to the various languages and language varieties of the pupils"((SLO. (2025, April 28). //Definitieve conceptkerndoelen Nederlands herziene versie 2025 inclusief toelichtingsdocument// [Final draft attainment targets Dutch revised version 2025 including explanatory document]. SLO. [[https://www.slo.nl/thema/meer/actualisatie-kerndoelen-examenprogramma/actualisatie-kerndoelen/definitieve-conceptkerndoelen-nederlands/@24174/definitieve-conceptkerndoelen-nederlands/]]. original text in Dutch: "ruimte bieden aan verschillende talen en taalvariëteiten van leerlingen.")). These new attainment targets therefore show more opportunities to include home languages and multilingualism, but Low Saxon is not explicitly mentioned (there are attainment targets for [[languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands|Frisian]] in secondary education, since 2006).
-===== Support structure for education of the language: =====
+  * Vocational education (≥ 16 years)
-=== Institutional support ===
+In vocational education, the [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0007625/2025-01-01|Wet Educatie en Beroepsonderwijs]] (English: Education and Vocational Education Act) states that, when "education is provided and examinations are taken in Dutch" (Art. 7.1.1.). Exceptions for this are made, for example when another language is taught. As such, it is allowed for a vocational school to teach Gronings (as a course).
-There are various organisationsw which e.g. support Gronings in education, for example:
+  * Higher education (≥ 17 years)
-  * [[https://cgtc.nl/|Centrum Groninger Taal & Cultuur]]. The Centre for Groninger Language & Culture (CGTC) is a centre for heritage and language of Groningen. It organises adult language courses and cultural and/or language events, creates learningmaterials, does research and has initiated the digital dictionary WoordWaark.
-  * [[https://ltnedersaksisch.nl/|Levende Talen Nedersaksisch]] the teacher association Levende Talen with the department for Low Saxon
-  * [[https://www.rug.nl/staff/m.b.wieling/|The chair of Low Saxon / Groningen Language and Culture]]at the University of Groningen, with the professor by special appointment on behalf of the Stichting Groninger Universiteitsfonds.
-  * [[https://www.grunnegercultuur.nl/Grunneger_Cultuur/n_Parredies_veur_laifhebbers_van_de_Grunneger_cultuur.html|Grunneger Cultuurcentrum]] The Groninber Cultural Centre hosts three Groninger organisations: the Stichting t Grunneger Bouk [The association for the Groninger Book], De Boukenkist [a book store], and the magazine //Toal en Taiken//.
-=== Language learning materials ===
+In higher education, the [[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0007625/2025-01-01|Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek]] (Eng: Higher Education and Scientific Research Act) states that, when "education is provided and examinations are taken in Dutch" (Art. 7.2.). Exceptions for this are made, for example when another language is taught. As such, it is allowed to teach Gronings (as a course).
-Resources for Gronings are made available for different age groups, but with a focus on primary education.
+===== Support structure for education of the language: =====
-Created by the Centrum Groninger Taal & Cultuur (CGTC) are:
+=== Institutional support ===
-  * [[https://www.klunderloa.nl/|Klunderloa]] [Gronings for "drawer with odd and ends"] is a digital environment with materials for all ages in primary education, for groups 1-2 (ages 4-6), 3-4 (ages 6-8), 5-6 (ages 8-10), and 7-8 (ages 10-12), with songs, stories and poems. Klunderloa is not only aimed at being used in a classroom setting but also at home with caregivers. In 2019 an app game project, also initiated by CGTC, has received funding to teach children the regional language in about 20 villages in Groningen.((NOS. (2019, July 22). Techreus stopt 30.000 euro in onderwijsproject Groningse taal [Tech-giant invests 30.000 in education project on Groning]. [[https://nos.nl/artikel/2294569-techreus-stopt-30-000-euro-in-onderwijs]].))
+There are various organisations which (among other things) promote and support Gronings in education, for example:
-  * [[https://cgtc.nl/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Wiesneus-2025-Grunning-def.pdf|Wiesneus]] is a magazine, published once a year, which schools can receive for free (subsided by the province of Groningen. The Wiesneus project was originally launched for Drents by the [[https://www.huusvandetaol.nl/| Huus van de Toal]] (//engl. House of the Language//) and is now translated into other varieties of Low Saxon, including Gronings. The new edition is published in March, which is the month of the regional languages, and includes instructions and materials for teachers, as well as audio files ((CGTC. (2025, March 4). Ook in de Meertmoand Streektoalmoand: De nieuwe Wiesneus komt er aan! [Also in March -Regional Language month: the new Wiesneus is coming!]. [[https://cgtc.nl/ook-in-de-meertmoand-streektoalmoand-de-nieuwe-wiesneus-komt-er-aan/]].)).
+  * [[https://cgtc.nl/|Centrum Groninger Taal & Cultuur]]. The Centre for Groninger Language & Culture (CGTC) is a centre for heritage and language of Groningen. It organises adult language courses and cultural and/or language events, creates learning materials, does research and has initiated the digital dictionary WoordWaark.
+  * [[https://ltnedersaksisch.nl/|Levende Talen Nedersaksisch]]. The Low Saxon department of the teacher association Levende Talen (English: Living Languages)
+  * [[https://www.rug.nl/staff/m.b.wieling/|The professor by special appointment of Low Saxon / Groningen Language and Culture]]at the University of Groningen,  on behalf of the Stichting Groninger Universiteitsfonds.
+  * [[https://www.grunnegercultuur.nl/Grunneger_Cultuur/n_Parredies_veur_laifhebbers_van_de_Grunneger_cultuur.html|Grunneger Cultuurcentrum]] The Groninger Cultural Centre hosts three Groninger organisations: the Stichting t Grunneger Bouk [The association for the Groninger Book], De Boukenkist [a book store], and the magazine //Toal en Taiken//.
-Created by Levende Talen Nedersaksisch:
+In April 2025, the //Nij Begun// (English: New Beginning) programme (A 30-year long financial programme to recover and/or improve e.g. housing, economy, and social wellbeing. It was initiated by the Dutch Government in 2023, to compensate for the damages as a result of the gas extraction) published the Social Agenda, which includes 4 million Euros for the promotion of cultural avtivities and the use of Low-Saxon in Groningen and the North of Drenthe. The language is promoted at home (‘Toal op Stee’) and at schools (‘Toal op Schoule’) ((Nij Begun. (2025). Nij Begun: Sociale Agenda. [[https://www.nijbegun.nl/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Sociale-Agenda-Nij-Begun-digitaal.pdf.]].)). As a result, the educational programme //MOI:Meertalig Onderwijs in Grunnen en Drenthe// (English: MOI: Multilingual education in Groningen and Drenthe) was announced in July 2025 ((CGCT. (July 4, 2025). Nieuw onderwijsprogramma MOI brengt Grunnegs en Drèents in de klas [New educational programme MOI brings Gronings and Drents into the classroom]. [[https://cgtc.nl/nieuw-onderwijsprogramma-moi-brengt-grunnegs-en-dreents-in-de-klas/]].)). The project offers primary schools teaching materials, in-service teacher training, and tools in order to include Gronings and Drents in a multilingual setting within their regular lessons. In September 2025, schools can sign up to participate in the project in the school year 2025-2026((CGCT. (July 4, 2025). Nieuw onderwijsprogramma MOI brengt Grunnegs en Drèents in de klas [New educational programme MOI brings Gronings and Drents into the classroom]. [[https://cgtc.nl/nieuw-onderwijsprogramma-moi-brengt-grunnegs-en-dreents-in-de-klas/]].)).
-  * [[https://ltnedersaksisch.nl/lesmateriaal/|materials for Gronings]], including assignments, songs, stories, poems, and games for all ages in primary education (groups 1-2 (ages 4-6); groups 3,4,5 (ages 6-10); groups 7-8 (ages 10-12).
+=== Language learning materials ===
-Created by the University of Groningen:
+Resources for Gronings are made available for different age groups, but with a focus on primary education.
-  * [[https://www.rug.nl/society-business/scholierenacademie/leraren/op-school/van-old-noar-jong|Lespakket Van Old noar Jong: Aan de slag met de Groninger taal]] [Lessons "From old to young: get started with the Groninger language]. This package is aimed for primary school, groups 7-8 (ages 10-12). It encouraged pupils to discuss and discover more about Gronings within their family and environment. It includes a game, assigments, and instructions for the teacher.
+  * [[https://cgtc.nl/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Wiesneus-2025-Grunning-def.pdf|Wiesneus]] is a magazine, published once a year, which schools can receive for free (subsided by the province of Groningen. The Wiesneus project was originally launched for Drents by the [[https://www.huusvandetaol.nl/| Huus van de Toal]] (//engl. House of the Language//) and is now translated into other varieties of Low Saxon, including Gronings. New editions are published in March, which is the month of the regional languages, and includes instructions and materials for teachers, as well as audio files ((CGTC. (2025, March 4). Ook in de Meertmoand Streektoalmoand: De nieuwe Wiesneus komt er aan! [Also in March -Regional Language month: the new Wiesneus is coming!]. [[https://cgtc.nl/ook-in-de-meertmoand-streektoalmoand-de-nieuwe-wiesneus-komt-er-aan/]].)). The Gronings edition is made available by the Centrum Groninger Taal & Cultuur (CGTC).
+  * [[https://www.klunderloa.nl/|Klunderloa]] [Gronings for "drawer with odd and ends"] is a digital environment with materials for all ages in primary education, for groups 1-2 (ages 4-6), 3-4 (ages 6-8), 5-6 (ages 8-10), and 7-8 (ages 10-12), with songs, stories and poems. Klunderloa is not only aimed at being used in a classroom setting but also at home with caregivers. In 2019 an app game project, also initiated by CGTC, has received funding to teach children the regional language in about 20 villages in Groningen.((NOS. (2019, July 22). Techreus stopt 30.000 euro in onderwijsproject Groningse taal [Tech-giant invests 30.000 in education project on Groning]. [[https://nos.nl/artikel/2294569-techreus-stopt-30-000-euro-in-onderwijs]].)) Created by the Centrum Groninger Taal & Cultuur (CGTC).
+  * [[https://ltnedersaksisch.nl/lesmateriaal/|materials for Gronings]], including assignments, songs, stories, poems, and games for all ages in primary education (groups 1-2 (ages 4-6); groups 3,4,5 (ages 6-10); groups 7-8 (ages 10-12). Created by Levende Talen Nedersaksisch.
+  * [[https://cgtc.nl/nieuw-onderwijsprogramma-moi-brengt-grunnegs-en-dreents-in-de-klas/|MOI: Meertalig Onderwijs in Grunnen en Drenthe]] (English: MOI: Multilingual Education in Groningen and Drenthe). This will start in 2025-2026, and aims for primary schools to include Gronings within regular lessons, in a multilingual setting.
+  * [[https://www.rug.nl/society-business/scholierenacademie/leraren/op-school/van-old-noar-jong|Lespakket Van Old noar Jong: Aan de slag met de Groninger taal]] [Lessons "From old to young: get started with the Groninger language]. This package is aimed for primary school, groups 7-8 (ages 10-12). It encouraged pupils to discuss and discover more about Gronings within their family and environment. It includes a game, assigments, and instructions for the teacher. Created by the University of Groningen.
@@ Line 147: / Line 157: @@
 ===== Education presence =====
-==== preschool education====
+==== pre-school education====
+The use of Gronings is allowed, but not a compulsory part of pre-school education. Therefore, pre-School locations can decide if they want to use the regional language, next to Dutch ((Rijksoverheid. (n.d.). //Wanneer mag ik het Nedersaksisch (zoals het Gronings, Drents of Twents) gebruiken? // [When may I use Low Saxon (such as Gronings, Drents or Twents)?]. Retrieved 2025, March 18, from [[https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/vraag-en-antwoord/wanneer-nedersaksisch-gebruiken))]].)).
-The education law does not declare the use of Gronings to be compulsory in preschools. Preschools may decide themselves if they choose to use the regional language, next to Dutch ((Rijksoverheid. (n.d.). //Wanneer mag ik het Nedersaksisch (zoals het Gronings, Drents of Twents) gebruiken? // [When may I use Low Saxon (such as Gronings, Drents or Twents)?]. Retrieved 2025, March 18, from [[https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/vraag-en-antwoord/wanneer-nedersaksisch-gebruiken))]].)).
 ==== primary education====
-Similarly to preschool, primary schools may also choose on their own whether or not they want to use Gronings in class ((Rijksoverheid. (n.d.). //Wanneer mag ik het Nedersaksisch (zoals het Gronings, Drents of Twents) gebruiken? // [When may I use Low Saxon (such as Gronings, Drents or Twents)?]. Retrieved 2025, March 18, from [[https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/vraag-en-antwoord/wanneer-nedersaksisch-gebruiken))]].)).
+Similarly to preschool, it's allowed, but not mandatory to include Gronings in education. Primary schools thus may decide whether or not they want to use Gronings in class ((Rijksoverheid. (n.d.). //Wanneer mag ik het Nedersaksisch (zoals het Gronings, Drents of Twents) gebruiken? // [When may I use Low Saxon (such as Gronings, Drents or Twents)?]. Retrieved 2025, March 18, from [[https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/vraag-en-antwoord/wanneer-nedersaksisch-gebruiken))]].)).
+Some primary schools use Gronings but it is not yet structurally implemented ((CGTC. (n.d.). //Streektaal en onderwijs// [Regional language and education]. Retrieved on October, 23, 2020, from [[https://www.cgtc.nl/2019/12/11/olaf-vos-nieuwe-streektaalconsulent-bij-centrum-groninger-taal-cultuur/]].)) When schools integrate Gronings they often do this in the course of a project ((CGTC. (n.d.). //Streektaal en onderwijs// [Regional language and education]. Retrieved on October, 23, 2020, from [[https://www.cgtc.nl/2019/12/11/olaf-vos-nieuwe-streektaalconsulent-bij-centrum-groninger-taal-cultuur/]].)). An example is the primary school //De Regenboog// in Bedum, which includes Gronings from group 4 (ages 7-8) and onwards by means of the "Groninger gallery"((CGTC. (2025, March 5). //Basisschool De Regenboog in Bedum viert streektaal met uitreiking Wiesneus// [Primay school De Regenboog in Bedum celebrates regional language with Wiesneus]. [[https://cgtc.nl/basisschool-de-regenboog-in-bedum-viert-streektaal-met-uitreiking-wiesneus/]].)). Around 80 primary schools in Groningen requested the magazine //Wiesneus// in 2025 ((CGCT. (2025, May 20). //Wiesneus magazine 2025: Winnaars puzzels en kleurploat bekend! //[Wiesneus magazine 2025: the winners of the puzzle and colouring contests are here!]. [[https://cgtc.nl/wiesneus-magazine-2025-winnaars-puzzels-en-kleurploat-bekend/]].)).
-Some primary schools use Gronings but it is not yet structurally implemented ((CGTC. (n.d.). //Streektaal en onderwijs// [Regional language and education]. Retrieved on October, 23, 2020, from [[https://www.cgtc.nl/2019/12/11/olaf-vos-nieuwe-streektaalconsulent-bij-centrum-groninger-taal-cultuur/]].)) When schools integrate Gronings they often do this in the course of a project ((CGTC. (n.d.). //Streektaal en onderwijs// [Regional language and education]. Retrieved on October, 23, 2020, from [[https://www.cgtc.nl/2019/12/11/olaf-vos-nieuwe-streektaalconsulent-bij-centrum-groninger-taal-cultuur/]].)). A primary school which includes Gronings from group 4 (ages 7-8) and onwards by means of the "Groninger gallery", is the primary school De Regenboog in Bedum ((CGTC. (2025, March 5). //Basisschool De Regenboog in Bedum viert streektaal met uitreiking Wiesneus// [Primay school De Regenboog in Bedum celebrates regional language with Wiesneus]. [[https://cgtc.nl/basisschool-de-regenboog-in-bedum-viert-streektaal-met-uitreiking-wiesneus/]].))
+In July 2025, the new initiative //MOI: Meertalig Onderwijs in Grunnen en Drenthe// was launched, which aims for primary schools to include Gronings (see [[languages:gronings_in_the_netherlands#institutional support|institutional support]]). It will offer teaching materials, in-service teacher training, and tools in order to include Gronings and Drents in a multilingual setting within regular lessons. Schools can sign up to participate in the project in the school year 2025-2026((CGCT. (July 4, 2025). Nieuw onderwijsprogramma MOI brengt Grunnegs en Drèents in de klas [New educational programme MOI brings Gronings and Drents into the classroom]. [[https://cgtc.nl/nieuw-onderwijsprogramma-moi-brengt-grunnegs-en-dreents-in-de-klas/]].)).
 ==== secondary education ====
@@ Line 165: / Line 177: @@
 ==== adult education ====
-CGCT organises various courses for adults to learn Gronings, aimed at speaking skills, writing skills, and at beginning and advanced learners. In March 2025, CGCT also launched an online beginner course, the MOOC Gronings ((Piek, C. (2025, March 6). Een eerste stap naar Gronings spreken: alles over de nieuwe MOOC Gronings [A first step towards speaking Gronings: all you need to know about the new MOO Gronings]. [[https://cgtc.nl/een-eerste-stap-naar-gronings-spreken-alles-over-de-nieuwe-mooc-gronings/]].))
+CGCT organises various courses for adults to learn Gronings, for examoke, beginners' speaking skills, advanced speakning skills, and writing skills. In March 2025, CGCT also launched an online beginner course, the MOOC Gronings ((Piek, C. (2025, March 6). Een eerste stap naar Gronings spreken: alles over de nieuwe MOOC Gronings [A first step towards speaking Gronings: all you need to know about the new MOO Gronings]. [[https://cgtc.nl/een-eerste-stap-naar-gronings-spreken-alles-over-de-nieuwe-mooc-gronings/]].))