languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands
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languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands [2020/03/23 13:55] – [Learning resources and educational institutions] ydwine | languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands [2020/10/21 14:21] – [European legislation:] ydwine | ||
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==== Language vitality: ==== | ==== Language vitality: ==== | ||
- | ^ [[http:// | + | ^ [[http:// |
- | | {{ : | + | | {{ : |
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==== Language standardization: | ==== Language standardization: | ||
- | Frisian has a [[general_information: | + | |
+ | Frisian has a [[general_information: | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Historical development === | ||
+ | There have been various formulations of standardized orthography: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ** Old-Frisian (c. 1200-1550)** | ||
+ | * Old Frisian shows shared norms and spelling, though no grammars or dictionaries codified these. | ||
+ | **Mid-Frisian (1550-1800)** | ||
+ | * Gysbert Japicx (1603–1666) was a Frisian author who formed his own orthagraphy. His writing influenced future orthographies. | ||
+ | **Modern-Frisian (1800-now)** | ||
+ | * Brothers Joast Hiddes Halbertsma (1789-1869) and Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma (1797-1858) published in Frisian and in doing so, formed a orthography close to the vernacular (similar to the orthography of Gysbert Japicx). | ||
+ | * Harmen Sytstra (1817-1862) developed the // | ||
+ | * In 1879, a broadly adopted standerd was set by the // | ||
+ | * Waling Dykstra (1821–1914) compiled the first completed Frisian dictionaries (1900, | ||
+ | * In 1945, the //Fryske Akademy// develops a standardized orthography. | ||
+ | * In 1980, the Province of Fryslân adopts a new standardized orthography, | ||
+ | * In 2015, the most recent standardized orthography was ratified by the Province of Fryslan. This, like most changes and regulations of a standardized orthography, | ||
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===== Legislation of language education: ===== | ===== Legislation of language education: ===== | ||
==== European legislation: | ==== European legislation: | ||
+ | |||
+ | === European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages === | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | The Netherlands [[general_information: | ||
* Frisian is covered under [[general_information: | * Frisian is covered under [[general_information: | ||
* For more information about the commitments that the Netherlands have made regarding its minority languages, view the [[http:// | * For more information about the commitments that the Netherlands have made regarding its minority languages, view the [[http:// | ||
* Download the latest [[https:// | * Download the latest [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | === Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities === | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | The Netherlands [[general_information: | ||
+ | * Frisian is recognised as national minority in the Netherlands. | ||
+ | * The latest [[https:// | ||
==== National legislation: | ==== National legislation: | ||
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* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
* [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
- | * [[http://www.tomke.nl/alders/nijs-en-aktiviteiten/nije-app-hantsjes-yn-e-hichte-berneferskes-app-friese-kinderliedjes-app|Hantsjes yn 'e hichte]], iPad app by [[http:// | + | * [[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details? |
==== Educational material for primary education ==== | ==== Educational material for primary education ==== | ||
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[http:// |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
==== Educational material for secondary education ==== | ==== Educational material for secondary education ==== | ||
- | * [[https://itunes.apple.com/nl/app/ | + | * [[https://searje36.edufrysk.nl/inloggen|Searje 36]]: digital learning method to learn Frisian in the first year of secondary education. |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
languages/frisian_in_the_netherlands.txt · Last modified: 2024/04/25 15:27 by ydwine