languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands
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languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands [2020/03/23 13:11] – [Education in practice] ydwine | languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands [2024/04/25 14:53] – [Language Area] ydwine | ||
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==== Language vitality: ==== | ==== Language vitality: ==== | ||
- | ^ [[http:// | + | ^ [[http:// |
- | | {{ : | + | | {{ : |
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==== Language standardization: | ==== Language standardization: | ||
- | Frisian has a [[general_information: | + | |
+ | Frisian has a [[general_information: | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Historical development === | ||
+ | There have been various formulations of standardized orthography: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ** Old-Frisian (c. 1200-1550)** | ||
+ | * Old Frisian shows shared norms and spelling, though no grammars or dictionaries codified these. | ||
+ | **Mid-Frisian (1550-1800)** | ||
+ | * Gysbert Japicx (1603–1666) was a Frisian author who formed his own orthagraphy. His writing influenced future orthographies. | ||
+ | **Modern-Frisian (1800-now)** | ||
+ | * Brothers Joast Hiddes Halbertsma (1789-1869) and Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma (1797-1858) published in Frisian and in doing so, formed a orthography close to the vernacular (similar to the orthography of Gysbert Japicx). | ||
+ | * Harmen Sytstra (1817-1862) developed the // | ||
+ | * In 1879, a broadly adopted standerd was set by the // | ||
+ | * Waling Dykstra (1821–1914) compiled the first completed Frisian dictionaries (1900, | ||
+ | * In 1945, the //Fryske Akademy// develops a standardized orthography. | ||
+ | * In 1980, the Province of Fryslân adopts a new standardized orthography, | ||
+ | * In 2015, the most recent standardized orthography was ratified by the Province of Fryslan. This, like most changes and regulations of a standardized orthography, | ||
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Frisian is spoken in large parts of Fryslân, one of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. | Frisian is spoken in large parts of Fryslân, one of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. | ||
- | <olmap id=" | ||
- | </ | + | <olmap id=" |
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===== Legislation of language education: ===== | ===== Legislation of language education: ===== | ||
==== European legislation: | ==== European legislation: | ||
+ | |||
+ | === European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages === | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | The Netherlands [[general_information: | ||
* Frisian is covered under [[general_information: | * Frisian is covered under [[general_information: | ||
* For more information about the commitments that the Netherlands have made regarding its minority languages, view the [[http:// | * For more information about the commitments that the Netherlands have made regarding its minority languages, view the [[http:// | ||
* Download the latest [[https:// | * Download the latest [[https:// | ||
+ | * The Netherlands covers Frisian education at all levels with the Charter. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities === | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | The Netherlands [[general_information: | ||
+ | * Frisian is recognised as national minority in the Netherlands. | ||
+ | * The latest [[https:// | ||
==== National legislation: | ==== National legislation: | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Dutch law makes no mention of Frisian in preschool. The province of Fryslân however, states on its website that it encourages the use of the Frisian language in young children. "The province intends that many kindergartens and daycare centres conduct a bilingual Frisian-Dutch policy" | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Dutch law on primary education (Dutch: [[http:// | ||
+ | * in primary education, classes are also taught in Frisian (in addition to Dutch and English); | ||
+ | * Schools may request exemption from this. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Dutch law on secondary education (Dutch: [[http:// | ||
+ | * During the first two years of secondary education in the province of Fryslân, Frisian language and culture are part of the curriculum. | ||
+ | * The Province of Fryslân prescribes these goals. | ||
+ | * However, the core objectives of the curriculum, which apply tot the whole of the Netherlands, | ||
+ | * Schools may request exemption from teaching Frisian language and culture. | ||
De [[http:// | De [[http:// | ||
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The province of Fryslân states that it " | The province of Fryslân states that it " | ||
- | The province of Fryslân has the authority to exempt schools from [[https:// | + | The province of Fryslân has the authority to exempt schools from [[https:// |
- | ==== Educational legislation: | + | |
- | The Dutch law makes no mention of Frisian in preschool. The province of Fryslân however, states on its website that it encourages the use of the Frisian language in young children. "The province intends that many kindergartens and daycare centres conduct a bilingual Frisian-Dutch policy" | + | |
- | The Dutch law on primary education (Dutch: [[http:// | + | In 2019, the provincial government |
- | * in primary education, classes are also taught in Frisian (in addition to Dutch and English); | + | |
- | * Schools may request exemption from this. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Dutch law on secondary education (Dutch: [[http:// | + | |
- | * During the first two years of secondary education in the province | + | |
- | * The Province of Fryslân prescribes these goals. | + | |
- | * However, the core objectives of the curriculum, which apply tot the whole of the Netherlands, | + | |
- | * Schools may request exemption from teaching Frisian language and culture. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Netherlands has declared paragraph 8, 2 (ii) of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages: "to provide facilities for the study of these languages as university and higher | + | |
===== Support structure for education of the language ===== | ===== Support structure for education of the language ===== | ||
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==== Financial support ==== | ==== Financial support ==== | ||
- | The Dutch Government does not provide extra funding | + | Schools in Fryslân do not receive more structural |
+ | |||
+ | The Frisian provincial government finances and organises the Frisian teacher training | ||
===== Education in practice ===== | ===== Education in practice ===== | ||
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A new [[https:// | A new [[https:// | ||
- | Below an overview of all the primary schools (N=428) in Fryslân and their exemptions given by the Province (2018)((Inspectie van het Onderwijs. (2019). //Sizzen is neat, mar dwaan is in ding: Frysk yn it primêr en fuortset ûnderwiis.// | + | Below an overview of all the primary schools (N=428) in Fryslân and their exemptions given by the Province (2018)((Inspectie van het Onderwijs. (2019). //Sizzen is neat, mar dwaan is in ding: Frysk yn it primêr en fuortset ûnderwiis.// |
- | ^ schools ^ exemption for ^ | + | ^ schools |
- | | 114 | - | | + | | 114 | A | - | |
- | | 84 | writing | | + | | 84 | B | writing | |
- | | 96 | writing and reading | | + | | 96 | C | writing and reading | |
- | | 6 | writing, reading, language perception | | + | | 6 | D | writing, reading, language perception | |
- | | 66 | writing, reading, language perception, speaking | | + | | 66 | E | writing, reading, language perception, speaking | |
- | | 47 | writing, reading, language perception, speaking, listening | | + | | 47 | F | writing, reading, language perception, speaking, listening | |
- | | 15 | everything | | + | | 15 | G | everything* | |
+ | < | ||
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=== Teacher skills === | === Teacher skills === | ||
- | * 20% of the teachers | + | * 34,9% of the primary |
=== Student accomplishments === | === Student accomplishments === | ||
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To improve Frisian language education in primary school, an experiment, set up by the [[https:// | To improve Frisian language education in primary school, an experiment, set up by the [[https:// | ||
- | In 2016 73, out of 428 primary schools, were included in the " | + | In 2016 73, out of 428 primary schools, were included in the " |
Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | ||
==== Secondary education ==== | ==== Secondary education ==== | ||
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* 59% offered Frisian as an examination subject ((Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2010)[[https:// | * 59% offered Frisian as an examination subject ((Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2010)[[https:// | ||
- | In its last report on Frisian language education in the Netherlands, | + | In its last report |
Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Teacher qualification === | ||
+ | According to the report of the Inespectorate (2019), 22% of the teachers had no qualification to teach Frisian ((Inspectie van het Onderwijs. (2019). //Sizzen is neat, mar dwaan is in ding: Frysk yn it primêr en fuortset ûnderwiis.// | ||
=== Trilingual primary education === | === Trilingual primary education === | ||
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Learning materials for primary and seconday education are commissioned and subsidized by the Province of Fryslân. The past few years digital materials have been developed. All materials are mainly being developed mainly by [[http:// | Learning materials for primary and seconday education are commissioned and subsidized by the Province of Fryslân. The past few years digital materials have been developed. All materials are mainly being developed mainly by [[http:// | ||
===== Adult education ===== | ===== Adult education ===== | ||
- | * Frisian language courses for adults are organised by the [[http:// | + | * The [[http:// |
- | * The three-year bachelor [[http:// | + | * [[https:// |
+ | * The [[https:// | ||
+ | * The [[https:// | ||
===== Learning resources and educational institutions ===== | ===== Learning resources and educational institutions ===== | ||
- | * [[http://www.fryske-akademy.nl/|Fryske Akademy]], studies | + | * [[http://taalweb.frl/|Taalweb Frysk]]: tools for writing Frisian made by the Fryske Akademy |
- | * [[http://taalweb.frl/|Taalweb Frysk]]: tools for writing | + | * [[https:// |
- | * [[http://example.com|Dingtiid]], the official body that inspects compliance with //De Wet Gebruik Friese Taal//. | + | * [[https:// |
+ | * [[http://edufrysk.nl/|Edufrysk]] online learning environment | ||
+ | * [[http://gamefrysk.nl/|GameFrysk]] Frisian language games | ||
+ | * [[https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-west-frisian/en/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Institutes and organisations=== | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
* [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[http:// |
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
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* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
* [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
- | * [[http://www.tomke.nl/alders/nijs-en-aktiviteiten/nije-app-hantsjes-yn-e-hichte-berneferskes-app-friese-kinderliedjes-app|Hantsjes yn 'e hichte]], iPad app by [[http:// | + | * [[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details? |
==== Educational material for primary education ==== | ==== Educational material for primary education ==== | ||
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[http:// |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
==== Educational material for secondary education ==== | ==== Educational material for secondary education ==== | ||
- | * [[https://itunes.apple.com/nl/app/ | + | * [[https://searje36.edufrysk.nl/inloggen|Searje 36]]: digital learning method to learn Frisian in the first year of secondary education. |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
languages/frisian_in_the_netherlands.txt · Last modified: 2024/04/25 15:27 by ydwine