languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands
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languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands [2020/03/23 11:19] – [Educational legislation:] ydwine | languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands [2020/10/21 14:23] – [National legislation:] ydwine | ||
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==== Language vitality: ==== | ==== Language vitality: ==== | ||
- | ^ [[http:// | + | ^ [[http:// |
- | | {{ : | + | | {{ : |
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==== Language standardization: | ==== Language standardization: | ||
- | Frisian has a [[general_information: | + | |
+ | Frisian has a [[general_information: | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Historical development === | ||
+ | There have been various formulations of standardized orthography: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ** Old-Frisian (c. 1200-1550)** | ||
+ | * Old Frisian shows shared norms and spelling, though no grammars or dictionaries codified these. | ||
+ | **Mid-Frisian (1550-1800)** | ||
+ | * Gysbert Japicx (1603–1666) was a Frisian author who formed his own orthagraphy. His writing influenced future orthographies. | ||
+ | **Modern-Frisian (1800-now)** | ||
+ | * Brothers Joast Hiddes Halbertsma (1789-1869) and Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma (1797-1858) published in Frisian and in doing so, formed a orthography close to the vernacular (similar to the orthography of Gysbert Japicx). | ||
+ | * Harmen Sytstra (1817-1862) developed the // | ||
+ | * In 1879, a broadly adopted standerd was set by the // | ||
+ | * Waling Dykstra (1821–1914) compiled the first completed Frisian dictionaries (1900, | ||
+ | * In 1945, the //Fryske Akademy// develops a standardized orthography. | ||
+ | * In 1980, the Province of Fryslân adopts a new standardized orthography, | ||
+ | * In 2015, the most recent standardized orthography was ratified by the Province of Fryslan. This, like most changes and regulations of a standardized orthography, | ||
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===== Legislation of language education: ===== | ===== Legislation of language education: ===== | ||
==== European legislation: | ==== European legislation: | ||
+ | |||
+ | === European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages === | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | The Netherlands [[general_information: | ||
* Frisian is covered under [[general_information: | * Frisian is covered under [[general_information: | ||
* For more information about the commitments that the Netherlands have made regarding its minority languages, view the [[http:// | * For more information about the commitments that the Netherlands have made regarding its minority languages, view the [[http:// | ||
- | * Download the latest [[https:// | + | * Download the latest [[https:// |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | === Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities === | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | The Netherlands [[general_information: | ||
+ | * Frisian is recognised as national minority in the Netherlands. | ||
+ | * The latest [[https:// | ||
==== National legislation: | ==== National legislation: | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Dutch law makes no mention of Frisian in preschool. The province of Fryslân however, states on its website that it encourages the use of the Frisian language in young children. "The province intends that many kindergartens and daycare centres conduct a bilingual Frisian-Dutch policy" | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Dutch law on primary education (Dutch: [[http:// | ||
+ | * in primary education, classes are also taught in Frisian (in addition to Dutch and English); | ||
+ | * Schools may request exemption from this. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Dutch law on secondary education (Dutch: [[http:// | ||
+ | * During the first two years of secondary education in the province of Fryslân, Frisian language and culture are part of the curriculum. | ||
+ | * The Province of Fryslân prescribes these goals. | ||
+ | * However, the core objectives of the curriculum, which apply tot the whole of the Netherlands, | ||
+ | * Schools may request exemption from teaching Frisian language and culture. | ||
De [[http:// | De [[http:// | ||
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Every four years, according to the [[languages: | Every four years, according to the [[languages: | ||
- | Besides, the province of Fryslân states that it " | + | The province of Fryslân states that it " |
+ | The province of Fryslân has the authority to exempt schools from [[https:// | ||
==== Educational legislation: | ==== Educational legislation: | ||
The Dutch law makes no mention of Frisian in preschool. The province of Fryslân however, states on its website that it encourages the use of the Frisian language in young children. "The province intends that many kindergartens and daycare centres conduct a bilingual Frisian-Dutch policy" | The Dutch law makes no mention of Frisian in preschool. The province of Fryslân however, states on its website that it encourages the use of the Frisian language in young children. "The province intends that many kindergartens and daycare centres conduct a bilingual Frisian-Dutch policy" | ||
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==== Training and support for teachers ==== | ==== Training and support for teachers ==== | ||
+ | |||
=== Teacher training === | === Teacher training === | ||
The SFBO organises in-service training courses with emphasis on Frisian and multilingualism. | The SFBO organises in-service training courses with emphasis on Frisian and multilingualism. | ||
- | Teachers for primary and secondary education are trained at the [[https://stenden.com/ | + | Teachers for primary and secondary education are trained at the [[https://www.nhlstenden.com/|NHL Stenden Hogeschool]]. A Frisian language course is part of the curriculum ((NHL Stenden Hogeschool. (n.d.). //Pabo (Leraar Basisonderwijs): |
- | Frisian language teachers can get support and advise at the Frisian language teacher interest group: [[https:// | + | To become a teacher Frisian, students can take the Frisian language teacher programme at the [[https:// |
+ | |||
+ | === Teacher support === | ||
+ | Frisian language teachers can get support and advise at the Frisian language teacher interest group [[https:// | ||
==== Inspection of compliance with educational legislation ==== | ==== Inspection of compliance with educational legislation ==== | ||
- | The [[http:// | ||
+ | The [[http:// | ||
+ | ==== Financial support ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Dutch Government does not provide extra funding for education in Fryslân, but the province of Fryslân does provide funding in some measure ((Inspectie van het Onderwijs. (2019). //Sizzen is neat, mar dwaan is in ding: Frysk yn it primêr en fuortset ûnderwiis.// | ||
===== Education in practice ===== | ===== Education in practice ===== | ||
- | In its last report on Frisian language education in the Netherlands, | + | |
+ | In its last report | ||
Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | ||
+ | |||
+ | A new [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Below an overview of all the primary schools (N=428) in Fryslân and their exemptions given by the Province (2018)((Inspectie van het Onderwijs. (2019). //Sizzen is neat, mar dwaan is in ding: Frysk yn it primêr en fuortset ûnderwiis.// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ schools ^ language profile ^ exemption for ^ | ||
+ | | 114 | A | - | | ||
+ | | 84 | B | writing | | ||
+ | | 96 | C | writing and reading | | ||
+ | | 6 | D | writing, reading, language perception | | ||
+ | | 66 | E | writing, reading, language perception, speaking | | ||
+ | | 47 | F | writing, reading, language perception, speaking, listening | | ||
+ | | 15 | G | everything* | | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | |||
==== Preschool ==== | ==== Preschool ==== | ||
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=== Teacher skills === | === Teacher skills === | ||
- | * 20% of the teachers | + | * 34,9% of the primary |
=== Student accomplishments === | === Student accomplishments === | ||
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To improve Frisian language education in primary school, an experiment, set up by the [[https:// | To improve Frisian language education in primary school, an experiment, set up by the [[https:// | ||
- | In 2016 73, out of 428 primary schools, were included in the " | + | In 2016 73, out of 428 primary schools, were included in the " |
Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | ||
==== Secondary education ==== | ==== Secondary education ==== | ||
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* 59% offered Frisian as an examination subject ((Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2010)[[https:// | * 59% offered Frisian as an examination subject ((Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2010)[[https:// | ||
- | In its last report on Frisian language education in the Netherlands, | + | In its last report |
Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of the Netherlands, | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Teacher qualification === | ||
+ | According to the report of the Inespectorate (2019), 22% of the teachers had no qualification to teach Frisian ((Inspectie van het Onderwijs. (2019). //Sizzen is neat, mar dwaan is in ding: Frysk yn it primêr en fuortset ûnderwiis.// | ||
=== Trilingual primary education === | === Trilingual primary education === | ||
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Learning materials for primary and seconday education are commissioned and subsidized by the Province of Fryslân. The past few years digital materials have been developed. All materials are mainly being developed mainly by [[http:// | Learning materials for primary and seconday education are commissioned and subsidized by the Province of Fryslân. The past few years digital materials have been developed. All materials are mainly being developed mainly by [[http:// | ||
===== Adult education ===== | ===== Adult education ===== | ||
- | * Frisian language courses for adults are organised by the [[http:// | + | * The [[http:// |
- | * The three-year bachelor [[http:// | + | * The [[https:// |
+ | * The [[https:// | ||
+ | * The [[https:// | ||
===== Learning resources and educational institutions ===== | ===== Learning resources and educational institutions ===== | ||
- | * [[http://www.fryske-akademy.nl/|Fryske Akademy]], studies | + | * [[http://taalweb.frl/|Taalweb Frysk]]: tools for writing Frisian made by the Fryske Akademy |
- | * [[http://taalweb.frl/|Taalweb Frysk]]: tools for writing | + | * [[https:// |
- | * [[http://example.com|Dingtiid]], the official body that inspects compliance with //De Wet Gebruik Friese Taal//. | + | * [[https:// |
+ | * [[http://edufrysk.nl/|Edufrysk]] online learning environment | ||
+ | * [[http://gamefrysk.nl/|GameFrysk]] Frisian language games | ||
+ | * [[https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-west-frisian/en/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Institutes and organisations: | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
* [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[http:// |
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
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* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
* [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
- | * [[http://www.tomke.nl/alders/nijs-en-aktiviteiten/nije-app-hantsjes-yn-e-hichte-berneferskes-app-friese-kinderliedjes-app|Hantsjes yn 'e hichte]], iPad app by [[http:// | + | * [[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details? |
==== Educational material for primary education ==== | ==== Educational material for primary education ==== | ||
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[http:// |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
==== Educational material for secondary education ==== | ==== Educational material for secondary education ==== | ||
- | * [[https://itunes.apple.com/nl/app/ | + | * [[https://searje36.edufrysk.nl/inloggen|Searje 36]]: digital learning method to learn Frisian in the first year of secondary education. |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
languages/frisian_in_the_netherlands.txt · Last modified: 2024/04/25 15:27 by ydwine