languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands
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languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands [2020/03/23 13:57] – [Educational materials for preschool] ydwine | languages:frisian_in_the_netherlands [2022/09/21 14:46] – [Provincial legislation:] ydwine | ||
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==== Language vitality: ==== | ==== Language vitality: ==== | ||
- | ^ [[http:// | + | ^ [[http:// |
- | | {{ : | + | | {{ : |
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==== Language standardization: | ==== Language standardization: | ||
- | Frisian has a [[general_information: | + | |
+ | Frisian has a [[general_information: | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Historical development === | ||
+ | There have been various formulations of standardized orthography: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ** Old-Frisian (c. 1200-1550)** | ||
+ | * Old Frisian shows shared norms and spelling, though no grammars or dictionaries codified these. | ||
+ | **Mid-Frisian (1550-1800)** | ||
+ | * Gysbert Japicx (1603–1666) was a Frisian author who formed his own orthagraphy. His writing influenced future orthographies. | ||
+ | **Modern-Frisian (1800-now)** | ||
+ | * Brothers Joast Hiddes Halbertsma (1789-1869) and Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma (1797-1858) published in Frisian and in doing so, formed a orthography close to the vernacular (similar to the orthography of Gysbert Japicx). | ||
+ | * Harmen Sytstra (1817-1862) developed the // | ||
+ | * In 1879, a broadly adopted standerd was set by the // | ||
+ | * Waling Dykstra (1821–1914) compiled the first completed Frisian dictionaries (1900, | ||
+ | * In 1945, the //Fryske Akademy// develops a standardized orthography. | ||
+ | * In 1980, the Province of Fryslân adopts a new standardized orthography, | ||
+ | * In 2015, the most recent standardized orthography was ratified by the Province of Fryslan. This, like most changes and regulations of a standardized orthography, | ||
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===== Legislation of language education: ===== | ===== Legislation of language education: ===== | ||
==== European legislation: | ==== European legislation: | ||
+ | |||
+ | === European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages === | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | The Netherlands [[general_information: | ||
* Frisian is covered under [[general_information: | * Frisian is covered under [[general_information: | ||
* For more information about the commitments that the Netherlands have made regarding its minority languages, view the [[http:// | * For more information about the commitments that the Netherlands have made regarding its minority languages, view the [[http:// | ||
* Download the latest [[https:// | * Download the latest [[https:// | ||
+ | * The Netherlands covers Frisian education at all levels with the Charter. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities === | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | The Netherlands [[general_information: | ||
+ | * Frisian is recognised as national minority in the Netherlands. | ||
+ | * The latest [[https:// | ||
==== National legislation: | ==== National legislation: | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Dutch law makes no mention of Frisian in preschool. The province of Fryslân however, states on its website that it encourages the use of the Frisian language in young children. "The province intends that many kindergartens and daycare centres conduct a bilingual Frisian-Dutch policy" | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Dutch law on primary education (Dutch: [[http:// | ||
+ | * in primary education, classes are also taught in Frisian (in addition to Dutch and English); | ||
+ | * Schools may request exemption from this. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Dutch law on secondary education (Dutch: [[http:// | ||
+ | * During the first two years of secondary education in the province of Fryslân, Frisian language and culture are part of the curriculum. | ||
+ | * The Province of Fryslân prescribes these goals. | ||
+ | * However, the core objectives of the curriculum, which apply tot the whole of the Netherlands, | ||
+ | * Schools may request exemption from teaching Frisian language and culture. | ||
De [[http:// | De [[http:// | ||
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The province of Fryslân states that it " | The province of Fryslân states that it " | ||
- | The province of Fryslân has the authority to exempt schools from [[https:// | + | The province of Fryslân has the authority to exempt schools from [[https:// |
- | ==== Educational legislation: | + | |
- | The Dutch law makes no mention of Frisian in preschool. The province of Fryslân however, states on its website that it encourages the use of the Frisian language in young children. "The province intends that many kindergartens and daycare centres conduct a bilingual Frisian-Dutch policy" | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Dutch law on primary education (Dutch: [[http:// | + | |
- | * in primary education, classes are also taught in Frisian (in addition to Dutch and English); | + | |
- | * Schools may request exemption from this. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Dutch law on secondary education (Dutch: [[http:// | + | |
- | * During the first two years of secondary education in the province of Fryslân, Frisian language and culture are part of the curriculum. | + | |
- | * The Province of Fryslân prescribes these goals. | + | |
- | * However, the core objectives of the curriculum, which apply tot the whole of the Netherlands, | + | |
- | * Schools may request exemption from teaching Frisian language and culture. | + | |
- | The Netherlands has declared paragraph 8, 2 (ii) of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages: "to provide facilities for the study of these languages as university and higher | + | In 2019, the provincial government |
===== Support structure for education of the language ===== | ===== Support structure for education of the language ===== | ||
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==== Educational material for primary education ==== | ==== Educational material for primary education ==== | ||
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[http:// |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
==== Educational material for secondary education ==== | ==== Educational material for secondary education ==== | ||
- | * [[https://itunes.apple.com/nl/app/ | + | * [[https://searje36.edufrysk.nl/inloggen|Searje 36]]: digital learning method to learn Frisian in the first year of secondary education. |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
languages/frisian_in_the_netherlands.txt · Last modified: 2024/04/25 15:27 by ydwine