Differences

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--- languages:breton_in_france [2020/03/03 15:19] – [National language legislation:] ydwine
+++ languages:breton_in_france [2021/02/17 16:38] – [Mercator's Regional Dossier:] ydwine
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ==== Language vitality: ====
-^ [[http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/|UNESCO]] ^ [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bre|Ethnologue]] ^ [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1228|Endangered Languages]] ^
+^ [[http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/|UNESCO]] ^ [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bre|Ethnologue]] ^ [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1228|Endangered Languages]] ^ [[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bret1244|Glottolog]]  ^
-| {{ :endangerment:orange.png?nolink | Severely endangered }} | {{ :endangerment:yellow.png?nolink | In trouble }} | {{ :endangerment:green.png?nolink | At risk}} |
+| {{ :endangerment:orange.png?nolink | Severely endangered }} | {{ :endangerment:yellow.png?nolink | In trouble }} | {{ :endangerment:green.png?nolink | At risk}} | {{ :endangerment:white.png?nolink | Not endangered, comment "at risk"}}  |
 ==== Linguistic aspects: =====
-  * Classification: Indo-European → Celtic → Celtiberian → Nuclear Celtic → TGB Celtic → Insular Celtic → Brythonic → Southwestern Brythonic → Breton
+  * Classification: Indo-European → Celtic → Breton
   * For more information, see [[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bret1244|bret1244]] at [[http://glottolog.org/|Glottolog]]
 ==== Language standardization: =====
-Breton has known many ortographies,
+Breton has known many ortographies, and Breton has been written since the 6th Century((Ager, S. (n.d.). //Breton (ar brezhoneg)//. Omniglot. [[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/breton.htm]].)). In the 20th century, several orthographies were produced to try encompass the regional variations an/or to create a universal spelling:
+  * 1941:Peurunvan('totally unified')/zedacheg (for digraph zh)/KLTGw (the four variety's initials).
+  * 1954: Orthographie Universitaire
+  * 1970: Etrerannyezhel (‘interdialectal’)
+Peurunvan remains the most popular in use((Gutman, A. & Avanzati, B. (2013).//Breton.//The Language Gulper.[[http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Breton.html]].)) ((Ager, S. (n.d.). //Breton (ar brezhoneg)//. Omniglot. [[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/breton.htm]].)).
@@ Line 35: / Line 40: @@
 ====== Language and education legislation: ======
-===== History of language education: =====
+===== History of education legislation=====
 ===== European language legislation: =====
 Breton is not covered under the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|Charter for Regional and Minority Languages]] as France has [[https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/signatures|signed]], but has not ratified the  the Charter.
-===== National language legislation: =====
 ===== Educational legislation: =====
+  * [[http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/France-loi_Deixonne-texte-1951.htm|The Loi Deixonne of 1951]] allowed Breton into the schools on a voluntary basis for one hour a week.
+  * [[http://webetab.ac-bordeaux.fr/primaire/64/oloron/themes/file/occitan/Textes_relatifs_a_lenseignement_des_langues_regionales.pdf|The Circulaire Savary (82-621) of 1982 ]] allowed the teaching of regional languages rom nursery schools to university, inside the school system for a few hours per week, and allowing bilingual programmes.
 ----
@@ Line 49: / Line 60: @@
 ,710 children (corresponding to 2.4% of school children in Brittany) will be learning Breton 2012 and 2013, opposed to 5 children in 1985. Few learners reach a reasonable level of fluency. ((Goalabre, F. (2015). Immersion Education and the Revitalisation of Breton and Gaelic as Community Languages. //Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages//))
+Since 1977, there is a bilingual school network, [[http://www.diwankistreberzh.bzh/page/7/|Diwan]], which teaches by language immersion, and teaches Breton only in the first years of education. The Diwan schools do not receive state financial support. ((Vallerie, M. & Bouroulleg, C. //Breton: Breton language in education in France| 3rd Edition// Mercator Research Centre. [[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/breton_in_france_3rd.pdf]].))
 ===== Bodies controlling enforcement of educational laws: =====
@@ Line 65: / Line 79: @@
 ====== Mercator's Regional Dossier: ======
-[[http://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/dossiers_pdf/aragonese_in_spain.pdf|{{:images:dossier.png?nolink|}}]][[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/breton_in_france_3rd.pdf|Read more]] about Breton language education in Mercator's Regional Dossier (2019).
+[[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/breton_in_france_3rd.pdf|{{:images:dossier.png?nolink|}}]][[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/breton_in_france_3rd.pdf|Read more]] about Breton language education in Mercator's Regional Dossier (2019).