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====== Asturian in Spain ======


==== Language designations: ====
  * In the language itself: Asturianu
  * [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]] standard: ast


==== Language vitality according to: ====
^ [[https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/asturian|UNESCO]] ^ [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ast|Ethnologue]] ^ [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/966|Endangered Languages]] ^ [[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/astu1245| Glottolog]]  ^
|  {{:endangerment:blue.png?nolink|potentially vulnerable}}  |  {{:endangerment:orange.png?nolink|endangered}}  |  {{:endangerment:blue.png?nolink|At Risk}}  |  {{:endangerment:green.png?nolink|Not endangered}}  | 



==== Linguistic aspects: =====
  * Classification: Indo-European → Italic. For more information, see [[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/astu1245|astu1245]] at [[http://glottolog.org/|Glottolog]].
  * Script: Latin.

==== Language standardization: =====
Asturian has a [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#Standardized orthography:|standardized orthography]], regulated by the [[http://www.academiadelallingua.com//|Academia de la Llingua Asturiana]].



===== Demographics ===== 

==== Language Area ====
Asturian is spoken in the Autonomous Community of Aturias, to the North and west of the city of León, and to the West of the city of Zamora. A variant of Asturian, Mirandese, is also spoken in and around the city of Miranda , Portugal. 

<olmap id="language_map" width="500px" height="400px" zoom="11" lat="42.42" lon="-6.02" statusbar="1" toolbar="1" controls="1" poihoverstyle="1" baselyr="OpenStreetMap" kmlfile="map_data:asturian.kml" summary="Asturian language area">

</olmap>

==== Speaker numbers ====
=== Table 1: % of inhabitants that use Asturian as the "family language" ===
^ Region ^% ^Total population ^
| Asturias |42%((Llera-Ramo, F. & P. San Martín (2003). II Estudio Sociolingüístico de Asturias. Uviéu: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana)) | 1070000| 
| León|10%((González-Riaño, X. A. & X. L. García-Arias (2008). II Estudiu Sociollingüísticu de Lleón. Uviéu: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana))|490000| 
| Zamora |9%((González-Riaño, X. A. and X. L. García-Arias (2011). Estudiu Sociollingüísticu de Zamora: Fastera Occidental. Uviéu: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana))|28500| 

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====== Language and education legislation: ======

===== History of language education: =====

In the 19th century, the Asturian born Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos expressed the urgency for the compilation of a dictionary and a grammar, and for the creation of a language academy for Asturian. It was not until 1980 that the then Conseyu Rexional d’Asturies (Regional Council of Asturias, the transitory government body of Asturias) officially created the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (Academy of the Asturian Language).

In December 1981, the Estatutu d’Autonomía d’Asturies (Statute of Autonomy of Asturias), signed by King Juan Carlos, set out in Article 4 that “Bable [as the Asturian language is also termed] will enjoy protection. Its use and dissemination via the mass media and its teaching will be promoted, respecting, in all instances, local variations and the voluntary nature of learning the language”. This resulted in the Government of the Principality of Asturias initiating a linguistic policy. 

Thus, in 1985, the Oficina de Política Lingüística (Bureau for Linguistic Policy) was created in order to prepare action campaigns to promote the use of Asturian and its standardization ((Fernández-Costales, Alberto, and Xosé Antón González-Riaño, ‘[[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/asturian_in_spain_2nd.pdf|Asturian: The Asturian Language in Education in Spain 2nd Edition]]’, ed. by Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning, Mercator Regional Dossiers)).


===== European legislation: =====

Asturian is covered under [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#Part III of the European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|Part III]] of the Charter.

Download the [[https://rm.coe.int/spainpr5-en/16808de6fc|Council of Europe report 2014-2016]] about Spain.

===== National legislation: =====
Article 4 of the [[https://www.asturias.es/Asturias/descargas/imagen_institucional/estatuto.pdf|Statute of Autonomy of Asturias]] (1981) states that the teaching of Asturian has to be promoted, as well as its use and its dissemination in the media.

The //Llei d’Usu y promoción del Bable/Asturianu// (Use and Promotion of Bable/Asturian Act), passed by the Asturian Parliament in 1998, elaborates on this as follows:
  * Asturian is the traditional language of Asturias.
  * All citizens have the right to employ Asturian in speech or in writing.
  * The use of Asturian (oral or written) by the citizens of the Principality of Asturias will have full legal validity.
  * The official names of the towns and municipalities of the Autonomous Community will be in Asturian. be in Asturian.

===== Educational legislation: =====
The autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias is fully competent in educational matters((Fernández-Costales, Alberto, and Xosé Antón González-Riaño, ‘[[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/asturian_in_spain_2nd.pdf|Asturian: The Asturian Language in Education in Spain 2nd Edition]]’, ed. by Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning, Mercator Regional Dossiers))

===== Bodies inspecting compliance with educational legislation: =====

The [[https://www.educastur.es/consejeria/inspeccion-educativa|Conseyería d’Educación, Cultura y Deporte del Principáu d’Asturies ]] (Technical Educational Inspectorate of the Regional Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport) inspects Asturian language education.

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====== Education in practice ======

====Primary education====

Asturian is taught as a voluntary subject, but is not used as language of instruction, for two one hour classes a week. Almost 65% of pupils attend the voluntary   Asturian  language classes ((Fernández-Costales, Alberto, and Xosé Antón González-Riaño, ‘[[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/asturian_in_spain_2nd.pdf|Asturian: The Asturian Language in Education in Spain 2nd Edition]]’, ed. by Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning, Mercator Regional Dossiers)).

==== Secondary education====

In secondary education, Asturian is a optional subject, but not all schools offer it. Normally, Asturian is not used as language of instruction, but there are some teacher experiments((Fernández-Costales, Alberto, and Xosé Antón González-Riaño, ‘[[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/asturian_in_spain_2nd.pdf|Asturian: The Asturian Language in Education in Spain 2nd Edition]]’, ed. by Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning, Mercator Regional Dossiers)).


==== Vocational education ====

A small number of //Bachillerato// (Baccalaureate; two year education (16-18 years) to provide access for university) institutes offer Asturian as a subject. Around 3% of students took Asturian as a subject in 2013((Fernández-Costales, Alberto, and Xosé Antón González-Riaño, ‘[[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/asturian_in_spain_2nd.pdf|Asturian: The Asturian Language in Education in Spain 2nd Edition]]’, ed. by Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning, Mercator Regional Dossiers)).

==== Higher education ====

The University of Oviedo (the only in the Principality  of  Asturias) students can use Asturian according to the //Llei d’Usu y promoción del Bable/Asturianu//.
At the teacher training for primary education, students can take up a two year minor Asturian which includes subjects such as Asturian philology, literature, sociolinguistics, and language teaching. Future secondary school teachers can choose the Asturian specialisation in the master's degree((Fernández-Costales, Alberto, and Xosé Antón González-Riaño, ‘[[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/asturian_in_spain_2nd.pdf|Asturian: The Asturian Language in Education in Spain 2nd Edition]]’, ed. by Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning, Mercator Regional Dossiers)). 

==== Adult education ====

Classes for Asturian is limited, though some courses have Asturian as language of instruction((Fernández-Costales, Alberto, and Xosé Antón González-Riaño, ‘[[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/asturian_in_spain_2nd.pdf|Asturian: The Asturian Language in Education in Spain 2nd Edition]]’, ed. by Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning, Mercator Regional Dossiers)).


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====== Learning resources and educational institutions ======
  * [[http://www.academiadelallingua.com//|Academia de la Llingua Asturiana]] determines the offical spelling standards, and authors the //Gramática de la Llingua Asturiana// (1998) and the //Diccionariu de la Llingua Asturiana// (2000).
  * [[http://www.exunta.org/|Xunta pola Defensa de la Llingua Asturiana]], works to raise language awareness and supports other institutions;

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====== Mercator's Regional Dossier ======

[[http://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/dossiers_pdf/Asturian_in_Spain_2nd.pdf|{{:images:dossier.png?nolink|}}]][[https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/asturian_in_spain_2nd.pdf|Read more]] about Asturian language education in Mercator's Regional Dossier (2014).