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--- languages:amelands_in_the_netherlands_under_construction [2025/10/07 15:52] – [University education] jildoukooke
+++ languages:amelands_in_the_netherlands_under_construction [2025/10/07 16:17] (current) – [Language vitality according to:] jildoukooke
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 ^  [[https://en.wal.unesco.org/|UNESCO]]  ^  [[https://www.ethnologue.com/|Ethnologue]]  ^  [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/|Endangered Languages]]  ^  [[https://glottolog.org/| Glottolog]]  ^
-| //-// | //-// | //-// |  //-//  |
+| //n.a.// | //n.a.// | //n.a.// |  //n.a.//  |
 <sup> Click [[manual:colour_codes|here]] for a full overview of the language vitality colour codes. </sup>
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 Historical evidence also points to west–east asymmetry in the shift from Frisian to the mixed dialect. The Cammingha family, the noble elite based in Ballum, likely played a decisive role in initiating language shift on the island in the sixteenth century ((Dyk, S. (n.d.). //Het Amelands als Fries Nederlands mengdialect. Amelander Historie//. Retrieved September 29 2025, from https://www.amelanderhistorie.nl/products/het-amelands-als-fries-nederlands-mengdialect/)). Early documents suggest that vernacular Dutch gradually replaced Old Frisian from west to east, with Buren being the last area to abandon Frisian ((Dyk, S. (n.d.). //Het Amelands als Fries Nederlands mengdialect. Amelander Historie//. Retrieved September 29 2025, from https://www.amelanderhistorie.nl/products/het-amelands-als-fries-nederlands-mengdialect/)). This is supported by differences in vowel realisations: for example, the word //tijd// appears as //tiid// in Hollum (west) but as //tèèd// in the east, reflecting the fact that eastern Amelands developed later and adopted newer Dutch diphthongisation patterns ((Dyk, S. (n.d.). //Het Amelands als Fries Nederlands mengdialect. Amelander Historie//. Retrieved September 29 2025, from https://www.amelanderhistorie.nl/products/het-amelands-als-fries-nederlands-mengdialect/)). Thus, Amelands is not only characterised by its mixed Frisian–Dutch features but also by strong internal dialect variation, making it unique among the Frisian mixed dialects.
-{{https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Ameland_map.jpg?600}}
+{{https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Ameland_map.jpg?680}}
 //Figure 1:// Map showing Ameland and its different villages ((Open Street Map (2012). //
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 ==== Institutional support ====
-There is no institutional framework for Amelands language education. Unlike Frisian, which benefits from promotion by the Frisian Academy and statutory protection, Amelands lacks official institutions that actively support its teaching. The only partial involvement comes from cultural initiatives: the Frisian Academy compiled the //Groat Amelander Woa'deboek// in 1987, which indirectly supports the dialect’s visibility, and local foundations such as //De Ouwe Pôlle// publish cultural and historical material ((Van de Velde, H., Duijff, P., Dyk, S., Heeringa, W. J., & Hoekstra, E. (2019). //Fries-Nederlandse contactvariëteiten in Fryslân: Rapport voor de Nederlandse Taalunie//.)). However, these efforts are aimed at preservation and documentation rather than systematic language education.
+There is no institutional framework for Amelands language education. Unlike Frisian, which benefits from promotion by the Frisian Academy and statutory protection, Amelands lacks official institutions that actively support its teaching. The only partial involvement comes from cultural initiatives. Namely, the Fryske Akademy helped compile the first //Groat Amelander Woa'deboek// in 1987, which indirectly supports the dialect’s visibility, and local foundations such as //De Ouwe Pôlle// publish cultural and historical material ((Van de Velde, H., Duijff, P., Dyk, S., Heeringa, W. J., & Hoekstra, E. (2019). //Fries-Nederlandse contactvariëteiten in Fryslân: Rapport voor de Nederlandse Taalunie//.)). However, these efforts are aimed at preservation and documentation rather than systematic language education.
 ==== Financial support ====
 No dedicated financial support exists for the development of Amelands teaching or learning resources. Funding mechanisms that apply to Frisian, for teacher employment, textbook development, and curriculum integration, do not extend to Amelands ((Jansen, M. (2010b). //Language Change on the Dutch Frisian Island of Ameland: Linguistic and sociolinguistic findings//. [PhD-Thesis – Research external, graduation internal, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]. LOT.)). Occasional support is indirect, such as provincial or local subsidies for cultural projects.
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 There are no vocational courses or training programmes that teach or use Amelands. Vocational education on Ameland, typically focused on service and technical sectors, is conducted in Dutch, and no data exist on the inclusion of Amelands in curricula or workplace training ((Van de Velde, H., Duijff, P., Dyk, S., Heeringa, W. J., & Hoekstra, E. (2019). //Fries-Nederlandse contactvariëteiten in Fryslân: Rapport voor de Nederlandse Taalunie//.)). Although the dialect is widely used in informal communication on the island, it plays no role in professional certification or educational evaluation. Still, given its presence in the local hospitality sector and cultural events, Amelands remains an audible part of community life beyond schooling.
 ==== University education ====
-Amelands is not taught or studied as a formal subject at university level. While no academic programmes exist for the dialect itself, it has attracted scholarly attention through linguistic research and documentation, including Jansen’s study ((Jansen, M. (2010b). //Language Change on the Dutch Frisian Island of Ameland: Linguistic and sociolinguistic findings//. [PhD-Thesis – Research external, graduation internal, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]. LOT.)) and analyses by the Fryske Akademy and other linguists. The //Groat Amelander Woa’deboek//, an extensive dialect dictionary compiled by local researchers, remains a key reference, while more recent initiatives have sought financial support through the Fryske Akademy to develop resources and promote future educational use ((Roep, J. (2019). //Hoe staat het Amelands ervoor?// Amelander Historie. [[https://www.amelanderhistorie.nl/news/hoe-staat-het-amelands-ervoor/]])) ((Van de Velde, H., Duijff, P., Dyk, S., Heeringa, W. J., & Hoekstra, E. (2019). //Fries-Nederlandse contactvariëteiten in Fryslân: Rapport voor de Nederlandse Taalunie//.)). These materials, combined with grammatical and phonological descriptions, could form the foundation for the eventual creation of structured learning tools or courses if institutional interest increases.
+Amelands is not taught or studied as a formal subject at university level. While no academic programmes exist for the dialect itself, it has attracted scholarly attention through linguistic research and documentation, including Jansen’s study ((Jansen, M. (2010b). //Language Change on the Dutch Frisian Island of Ameland: Linguistic and sociolinguistic findings//. [PhD-Thesis – Research external, graduation internal, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]. LOT.)) and analyses by the Fryske Akademy and other linguists. The //Groat Amelander Woa’deboek// ((Oud, A. G. (2016). //Groat Amelander woa’deboek// (S. Dyk, Ed.). Fryske Akademy en Afûk.)), an extensive dialect dictionary compiled by local researchers, remains a key reference, while more recent initiatives have sought financial support through the Fryske Akademy to develop resources and promote future educational use ((Roep, J. (2019). //Hoe staat het Amelands ervoor?// Amelander Historie. [[https://www.amelanderhistorie.nl/news/hoe-staat-het-amelands-ervoor/]])) ((Van de Velde, H., Duijff, P., Dyk, S., Heeringa, W. J., & Hoekstra, E. (2019). //Fries-Nederlandse contactvariëteiten in Fryslân: Rapport voor de Nederlandse Taalunie//.)). These materials, combined with grammatical and phonological descriptions, could form the foundation for the eventual creation of structured learning tools or courses if institutional interest increases.
 ==== Adult education ====
-Divide into two parts
+No adult education programmes currently offer Amelands instruction. Adult learners have no formal opportunities to study the dialect, though local cultural organisations, such as //De Ouwe Pôlle// and //De Amelander// magazine, provide informal avenues for engagement through publications, performances, and dialect writing ((Jansen, M. (n.d.). //Amelander dialect//. Amelander Historie. Retrieved September 29 2025, from https://www.amelanderhistorie.nl/cultuur/amelander-dialect/)). These community-based activities help sustain interest in the language among older speakers despite the absence of structured courses.
+Although Amelands is absent from formal education, its community-based transmission remains remarkably strong. Nearly all islanders understand and speak the dialect, and studies show high rates of intergenerational use ((Van de Velde, H., Duijff, P., Dyk, S., Heeringa, W. J., & Hoekstra, E. (2019). //Fries-Nederlandse contactvariëteiten in Fryslân: Rapport voor de Nederlandse Taalunie//.)). The existence of descriptive resources, including the dictionary and linguistic analyses of its grammar and phonology, provides a promising foundation for developing learning materials should future local or academic interest in teaching Amelands arise.
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