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--- general_information:usa_legislation [2020/03/17 10:48] – [Legislation concerning education] ydwine
+++ general_information:usa_legislation [2025/03/06 09:26] (current) – [United States of America legal frameworks - regional or minority languagess] ydwine
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-====== United States of America legislation concerning minority languages ======
+====== United States of America legal frameworks - regional or minority languagess======
+On the first of March 2025, a presidential executive order designated English as the official language of the USA ((The White House. (2025, March 1). Designating English as the Official Language of The United States - executive order. The White House. [[https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/designating-english-as-the-official-language-of-the-united-states/]].))
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 ====Recognition of Indian Entitites====
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 ===The Native American Languages Act of 1990===
+\\ In this [[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/101/s2167/text|Public Law 101-477]], the USA declares to:
-In this [[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/101/s2167/text|Public Law 101-477]], the USA declares to:
   - preserve, protect, and promote the rights and freedom of Native Americans to use, practice, and develop Native American languages;
   - allow exceptions to teacher certification requirements for Federal programs, and programs funded in whole or in part by the Federal Government, for instruction in Native American languages when such teacher certification requirements hinder the employment of qualified teachers who teach in Native American languages, and to encourage State and territorial governments to make similar exceptions;
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
   - encourage all institutions of elementary, secondary and higher education, where appropriate, to include Native American languages in the curriculum in the same manner as foreign languages and to grant proficiency in Native American languages the same full academic credit as proficiency in foreign languages.
 ==== State recognition of indigenous languages  ====
+\\
 === Alaska ===
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 ==== Legislation concerning education====
+\\
+  * The [[https://iowaculture.gov/history/education/educator-resources/primary-source-sets/new-deal/indian-reorganization-act-1934|Indian Reorganization Act of 1934]], which states to "provide for vocational education for Indians"
+  * The [[https://www.bie.edu/cs/groups/xbie/documents/document/idc2-087684.pdf|Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975]] (P.L. 93-638), which gave federally recognized tribes the authority to contract with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and determine educational programs.
+  * The [[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-92/pdf/STATUTE-92-Pg2143.pdf|Education Amendments Act of 1978]] (P.L. 95-561) and further technical amendments P.L. 98-511, 99-99, and 100-297, which set the premises for primary and secondary schooling concerning among others funding, school boards and staff hiring.
+  * The [[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/101/s2167/text|Native American Languages Act of 1990]] (P.L. 101-477). See [[general_information:usa_legislation|above]].
+  * The [[https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/1|No Child Left Behind Act of 2001]] (P.L. 107-110), which sets addditional requirements, especially concerning the acquisition and testing of English and the educational level required by teachers, though the act includes excemptions for Indian education.
-  * The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which states to "provide for vocational education for Indians"((//Indian Reorganization Act of 1934//. Retrieved from [[https://iowaculture.gov/history/education/educator-resources/primary-source-sets/new-deal/indian-reorganization-act-1934]].))
+An overview of all acts concerning Indian Affairs can be found in [[https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid%3AUSC-prelim-title25&saved=L3ByZWxpbUB0aXRsZTI1L2NoYXB0ZXIyNw%3D%3D%7CZ3JhbnVsZWlkOlVTQy1wcmVsaW0tdGl0bGUyNS1jaGFwdGVyMjc%3D%7C%7C%7C0%7Cfalse%7Cprelim&edition=prelim|Chapter 25 of the United States Code]].
-  * The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (P.L. 93-638), which gave federally recognized tribes the authority to contract with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and determine educational programs. ((//Public Law 93-638: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act,as Amended.// Retrieved from: [[https://www.bie.edu/cs/groups/xbie/documents/document/idc2-087684.pdf]].))
-  * The Education Amendments Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-561) and further technical amendments P.L. 98-511, 99-99, and 100-297, which set the premises for primary and secondary schooling concerning among others funding, school boards and staff hiring ((//Public Law 95-561: The Education Amendments Act//.Retrieved from [[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-92/pdf/STATUTE-92-Pg2143.pdf]].)).
-  * The Native American Languages Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-477). See [[general_information:usa_legislation|above]].
-  * The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-110), which sets addditional requirements, especially concerning the acquisition and testing of English and the educational level required by teachers, though the act includes excemptions for Indian education ((//Public Law: 107-110: The No Child Left Behind Act//. Retrieved from [[https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/1]].)).
-  * An overview of all acts concerning Indian Affairs can be found in [[https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid%3AUSC-prelim-title25&saved=L3ByZWxpbUB0aXRsZTI1L2NoYXB0ZXIyNw%3D%3D%7CZ3JhbnVsZWlkOlVTQy1wcmVsaW0tdGl0bGUyNS1jaGFwdGVyMjc%3D%7C%7C%7C0%7Cfalse%7Cprelim&edition=prelim|Chapter 25 of the United States Code]].
-  *
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