Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- general_information:russian_legislation [2020/03/18 10:53]
ydwine [The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993]
+++ general_information:russian_legislation [2022/09/27 15:17] (current)
ydwine [European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages]
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 This means in practice that the intention to comply to the charter is indicated, but that Russia is not bound by the Charter, and that there is no reporting on the execution of the Charter.
+On March 16, 2022, the Committee of Ministers decided that the Russian Federation would no longer be a member of the Council of Europe with immediate effect. This means that the signed and ratified treaties of the Council of Europe no longer apply.
 ==== Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities ====
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
   * Groups that do not have state entities at all (Assyrians, Karaites, Kurds and Gipsies)((Russian Federation. (2000). //Report submitted by the Russian Federation pursuant to article 25, paragraph 10F of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.// Retrieved from [[https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168008b13f]].))
-You can read the latest report (2016) [[https://rm.coe.int/16806fd935|here]].
+On March 16, 2022, the Committee of Ministers decided that the Russian Federation would no longer be a member of the Council of Europe with immediate effect. This means that the signed and ratified treaties of the Council of Europe no longer apply.
 ===== Legislation concerning minority languages =====
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 ==== Short history ====
-During the Tsarist period (1721-1917), despite a level of automy, conditions for minority languages were difficult and some faced extreme restrictions. Revolutionaries had different ideas on minorities however before and after the Russian Revolution (1917) the USSR (1922-1991), despite having a centralized governance, implemented the revolutionary ideas of more automony and right to education in own languages. After WWII however, the emphasis on Russian grew and minority languages became subjects rather than languages of instruction. Afterwards, the ideal of united Soviet people with a common language was dominant, and Russian became the standard language of instruction, with a decrease from 47 languages of instruction in 1960 to 17 languages in 1982. In the last decade of the USSR, ethnic autonomies sought more or full sovereignity (parade of sovereignties), and after the fall of the USSR, laws on language were often the first to be drawn up by such autonomies. The emphasis on language after the USSR also shows in the Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation (1991) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993. \\
+During the Tsarist period (1721-1917), despite a level of autonomy, conditions for minority languages were difficult and some faced extreme restrictions. Revolutionaries had different ideas on minorities however before and after the Russian Revolution (1917-1923) the USSR (1922-1991), despite having a centralized governance, implemented the revolutionary ideas of more autonomy and right to education in own languages for certain minorities. In contradiction of these supported nation-building processes, other minorities were forced to relocate before and during the WWII, and became significantly weakened or eliminated as a people ((Chetryrova, L.(2001). Educational Policy Towards Minorities in Russia: History and Modernity: the case of the Kalmyk Education. In: //Ethnicity and Race: Creating Educational Opportunities Around the Globe
-<sub> Summary of// Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?// ((Bowring, B. (2018). //Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?// Palgrave. Retrieved from [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication /325625922_Minority_Language_Rights_in_the_Russian_Federation_The_End_of_a_Long_Tradition]].)).  </sub>
+International Advances in Education: Global Initiatives for Equity and Social Justice//. Brown,E. L., and Gibbons, P. E. (Ed.). Information Age Publishing (pp. 3-25).)) ((Frank. M. J. (2017). A Clean Sweep The Grand Alliance and Population Transfer 1941-5. In: //Making Minorities History: Population Transfer in Twentieth-century Europe//. Oxford University Press (pp. 227-265)). After WWII, the emphasis on Russian continued and minority languages became subjects rather than languages of instruction. Afterwards, the ideal of united Soviet people with a common language was dominant, and Russian became the standard language of instruction, with a decrease from 47 languages of instruction in 1960 to 17 languages in 1982. In the last decade of the USSR, ethnic autonomies sought more or full sovereignity (parade of sovereignties), and after the fall of the USSR, laws on language were often the first to be drawn up by such autonomies. The emphasis on language after the USSR also shows in the Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation (1991) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993. \\
+<sub> // Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?// ((Bowring, B. (2018). //Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?// Palgrave. Retrieved from [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication /325625922_Minority_Language_Rights_in_the_Russian_Federation_The_End_of_a_Long_Tradition]].)).  </sub>
@@ Line 46: / Line 47: @@
 ==== Further national legislation ====
+The framework for Russian legislation concerning education is based on a three-tier curriculum, with a mandatory federal part, a national-regional part mandated by the federal subjects, and a variable part which can be filled in by individual schools((Васильева, Г. Н., //Национально-региональный компонент в стандарте образования Удмуртской Республики: опыт и проблемы//. Эмиссия, 2006. Retrieved from http://emissia.org/offline/2006/1082.htm)). However, the influence on national-regional tier is under pressure, since the [[general_information:russian_legislation#=== Amendment 2007 ===|Amendment 2007]].
 The possibility on education in native languages is further clarified in the Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation (1991, amended in 1998 and 2002((Bowring, B., //Russian legislation in the area of minority rights//. In: Protsyk, O., & Harzl, B. (Eds.), //Managing ethnic diversity in Russia//. London (GB): Routledge; 2012, pp. 15-36))). Article 9 (2) of this law states that everybody can receive basic general education in the native language, and has the possibility to choose the language of instruction, //within the limits of the education system//((Bowring, B., //Russian legislation in the area of minority rights//. In: Protsyk, O., & Harzl, B. (Eds.), //Managing ethnic diversity in Russia//. London (GB): Routledge; 2012, pp. 15-36)). Russian federal law on minority language remains rather ambiguous with the final part of that sentence.
@@ Line 55: / Line 58: @@
 In 2002 the Russian Duma ruled that all languages in Russia are to be written Cyrillic script((Bowring, B., //Russian legislation in the area of minority rights//. In: Protsyk, O., & Harzl, B. (Eds.), //Managing ethnic diversity in Russia//. London (GB): Routledge; 2012, pp. 15-36)).
 This was after Tatarstan attempted to adopt Latinista script for the Tatar language in 2001((Jaffe, A., Androutsopoulos, J., Sebba, M., and Johnson, S. (2012). Reclamation, Revalorization, and re-Tatarization via changing Tatar orthographies. In //Orthography as Social Action: Scripts, Spelling, Identity and Power// (pp 65-102). Walter de Gruyter.)).
 === Amendment 2007 ===
 In 2007, an amendment to the education law was passed that increased the degree of federal control in education. This left the federal republics with less curricular room to provide education in the local languages. In fact, teaching these languages is now solely possible through implementing it in an optional part of the curriculum ((Bowring, B., //Russian legislation in the area of minority rights//. In: Protsyk, O., & Harzl, B. (Eds.), //Managing ethnic diversity in Russia//. London (GB): Routledge; 2012, pp. 15-36)). For a number of years, the situation was even bleaker, as the original incarnation of the law also forbade testing students in other languages of instruction than than Russian ((Casen, M., //Les manifestations de l'identité oudmourte à Iževsk depuis 1985//. Department of Finno-Ugric Studies, INALCO Paris. MA dissertation. 2010.)). Fortunately, this ban was lifted in 2011, as an amendment to the law now made it possible to conduct optional examinations in languages other than Russian ((Zamyatin, K., //Finno-Ugric languages in Russian education: The changing legal-institutional framework and falling access to native language learning//. Études Finno-Ougriennes, 2012, 44, pp. 1-57)).
@@ Line 63: / Line 67: @@
 === Developments 2017 ===
-In July 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin suggested that ethnic Russians were being forced to learn minority languages in regions with sizable minority populations. He said it is "impermissible to force someone to learn a language that is not [his or her] mother tongue, and to cut the number of hours of Russian language [classes at schools] in Russia's ethnic republics." In August that same year, Putin ordered federal prosecutors to check whether ethnic Russian students in the autonomous republics were being forced to learn the local languages. (([[https://www.rferl.org/a/tatarstan-minnikhanov-address-russian-tatar-language-classes/28749317.html|Article on Radio Free Europe]], September 21, 2017))
+In July 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that all citizens must learn  Russian, and that no Russian can be forced to learn an ethnic language, even if the language is an official langauge of the republic ((Bowring, B. (2018). //Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?// Palgrave. Retrieved from [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication /325625922_Minority_Language_Rights_in_the_Russian_Federation_The_End_of_a_Long_Tradition]].)). He said it is "impermissible to force someone to learn a language that is not [his or her] mother tongue, and to cut the number of hours of Russian language [classes at schools] in Russia's ethnic republics." In August that same year, Putin ordered federal prosecutors to check whether ethnic Russian students in the autonomous republics were being forced to learn the local languages. (([[https://www.rferl.org/a/tatarstan-minnikhanov-address-russian-tatar-language-classes/28749317.html|Article on Radio Free Europe]], September 21, 2017))
 ==Modified: 23-10-2017==

Minority languages

User Tools

Site Tools

Differences

Page Tools