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--- general_information:russian_legislation [2020/03/18 10:34] – [Short history] ydwine
+++ general_information:russian_legislation [2020/03/18 13:13] – [Short history] ydwine
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 ==== Short history ====
-During the Tsarist period (1721-1917), despite a level of automy, conditions for minority languages were difficult and some faced extreme restrictions. Revolutionaries had different ideas on minorities however before and after the Russian Revolution (1917) the USSR (1922-1991), despite having a centralized governance, implemented the revolutionary ideas of more automony and right to education in own languages. After WWII however, the emphasis on Russian grew and minority languages became subjects rather than languages of instruction. Afterwards, the ideal of united Soviet people with a common language was dominant, and Russian became the standard language of instruction, with a decrease from 47 languages of instruction in 1960 to 17 languages in 1982. In the last decade of the USSR, ethnic autonomies sought more or full sovereignity (parade of sovereignties), and after the fall of the USSR, laws on language were often the first to be drawn up by such autonomies. The emphasis on language after the USSR also shows in the Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation (1991) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993. \\
+During the Tsarist period (1721-1917), despite a level of autonomy, conditions for minority languages were difficult and some faced extreme restrictions. Revolutionaries had different ideas on minorities however before and after the Russian Revolution (1917) the USSR (1922-1991), despite having a centralized governance, implemented the revolutionary ideas of more autonomy and right to education in own languages. In contradiction of the granted nation-building processes of certain minorities, other minorities were forced to relocate and be significantly weakened or eliminated as group before and during the WWII ((Frank. M. J. (2017). A Clean Sweep The Grand Alliance and Population Transfer 1941-5. In: //Making Minorities History: Population Transfer in Twentieth-century Europe//. Oxford University Press (pp. 227-265)). After WWII, the emphasis on Russian continued and minority languages became subjects rather than languages of instruction. Afterwards, the ideal of united Soviet people with a common language was dominant, and Russian became the standard language of instruction, with a decrease from 47 languages of instruction in 1960 to 17 languages in 1982. In the last decade of the USSR, ethnic autonomies sought more or full sovereignity (parade of sovereignties), and after the fall of the USSR, laws on language were often the first to be drawn up by such autonomies. The emphasis on language after the USSR also shows in the Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation (1991) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993. \\
 <sub> Summary of// Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?// ((Bowring, B. (2018). //Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?// Palgrave. Retrieved from [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication /325625922_Minority_Language_Rights_in_the_Russian_Federation_The_End_of_a_Long_Tradition]].)).  </sub>
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   - The Russian Federation shall guarantee to all of its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development.
-There are 22* ethnic republics within Russia, which can appeal to this Art 68 section 2 and 3:  Republic of Adygea, Altai Republic, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Buryatia, Chechen Republic, Chuvash Republic, Republic of Crimea, Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Republic of Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Karelia, Republic of Khakassia, Komi Republic, Mari El Republic, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Sakha Republic, Republic of Tatarstan, Tuva Republic, and Udmurt Republic. \\
+Russia recognizes 22* ethnic republics, which can appeal to this Art 68 section 2 and 3:  Republic of Adygea, Altai Republic, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Buryatia, Chechen Republic, Chuvash Republic, Republic of Crimea, Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Republic of Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Karelia, Republic of Khakassia, Komi Republic, Mari El Republic, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Sakha Republic, Republic of Tatarstan, Tuva Republic, and Udmurt Republic. \\
 Native languages are also covered in the Constitution under Chapter 2, Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, Article 26:
   - Everyone shall have the right to determine and indicate his nationality. No one may be forced to determine and indicate his or her nationality.
   - Everyone shall have the right to use his or her native language, to a free choice of the language of communication, upbringing, education and creative work.
-<sub> *this includes the Crimea, annexed by Russia in 2014. A majority of the UN state members does not recognize the Crimea as part of Russia((UN. (2014) //General Assembly; Official records sixty-eighth session.// Retrieved from [[https://undocs.org/en/A/68/PV.80]].)) </sub>
+<sub> *this includes the Crimea, annexed by Russia in 2014. The majority (100) of the UN state members does not recognize the Crimea as part of Russia (11 member states do) ((UN. (2014) //General Assembly; Official records sixty-eighth session.// Retrieved from [[https://undocs.org/en/A/68/PV.80]].)) </sub>
 ==== Further national legislation ====
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 === Developments 2017 ===
-In July 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin suggested that ethnic Russians were being forced to learn minority languages in regions with sizable minority populations. He said it is "impermissible to force someone to learn a language that is not [his or her] mother tongue, and to cut the number of hours of Russian language [classes at schools] in Russia's ethnic republics." In August that same year, Putin ordered federal prosecutors to check whether ethnic Russian students in the autonomous republics were being forced to learn the local languages. (([[https://www.rferl.org/a/tatarstan-minnikhanov-address-russian-tatar-language-classes/28749317.html|Article on Radio Free Europe]], September 21, 2017))
+In July 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that all citizens must learn  Russian, and that no Russian can be forced to learn an ethnic language, even if the language is an official langauge of the republic ((Bowring, B. (2018). //Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?// Palgrave. Retrieved from [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication /325625922_Minority_Language_Rights_in_the_Russian_Federation_The_End_of_a_Long_Tradition]].)). He said it is "impermissible to force someone to learn a language that is not [his or her] mother tongue, and to cut the number of hours of Russian language [classes at schools] in Russia's ethnic republics." In August that same year, Putin ordered federal prosecutors to check whether ethnic Russian students in the autonomous republics were being forced to learn the local languages. (([[https://www.rferl.org/a/tatarstan-minnikhanov-address-russian-tatar-language-classes/28749317.html|Article on Radio Free Europe]], September 21, 2017))
 ==Modified: 23-10-2017==