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--- general_information:international_legislation [2016/09/01 15:29] – [Examples of conventions:] johanneke
+++ general_information:international_legislation [2023/06/13 15:11] (current) – [Global covenants:] ydwine
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 ====== International agreements protecting minority languages ======
+----
+===== About covenants protecting minority languages, and how they work ====
+Many global and transnational agreements, in the form of covenants, exist, aiming to protect minority languages. Usually, these covenants propose a number of measures to improve the situation of minority languages. If a nation decides to ratify such a covenant, it commits itself to carrying out the measures proposed.
-===== About convenant protecting minority languages, and how they work ====
+To determine whether a nation in fact carries out these measures, the nation has to report about it to a committee every few years. This report is then judged by a committee. If the committee deems the measures taken insufficient, the nation is informed of this. Though it is not proper to ignore the committee's judgement, nations sometimes do.
-Many global and transnational agreements, the form of convenants, exist, aiming to protect minority languages. Usually, these convenants propose a number of measures to improve the situation of minority languages. If a nation decides to ratify such a convenant, it commits itself to carrying out the measures proposed.
-To determine whether a nation in fact carries out these measures, the nation has to report about it to a committee every few years. This report is then judged by a committee. If the committee deems the measures taken insufficient, the nation is informed of this. Though it is not considered polite to ignore the committee's judgement, a nation is free to do so.
+Though most covenants cannot be enforced, they do have power: because, by ratifying the covenant, a nation makes promises, and may be reminded about keeping or breaking those.
-Though most convenants cannot be enforced, they do have power: because, by ratifying the convenant, a nation makes promises, and may be reminded about keeping or breaking those.
+===== Examples of covenants =====
-===== Examples of conventions: =====
 This list of conventions is not exhaustive, but aims to mentions some influential ones.
 ==== Global covenants: ====
-=== United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) ===
-  * All members of the United Nations are expected to comply with its policies.
-  * Offers protection for: "indigenous peoples".
-  * View the Declaration [[http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf|here]].
-=== UNESCO's Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) ===
+=== Covenants by the United Nations: ===
-  * [[http://www.unesco.org/eri/la/convention.asp?KO=17116&language=E&order=alpha|State parties who have ratified the Convention]] are expected to uphold its policies.
+  * [[http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf|Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]] (2007):
-  * Offers protection for: "Intangible Cultural Heritage", including language.
+    * protects "indigenous peoples", including education in own language
-  * View the Convention  [[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/convention|here]].
+  * [[https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/Minorities.aspx|UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities ]] (1992), article 4:
+    * Enable and encourage minority language development and education.
+  * [[http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx|International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights]] (1966), article 27:
+    * protects "ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities".
+  * [[https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child|Convention on the Rights of the Child]]
+    * potects minority language use (Art. 30) and the education of a child's language (Art. 29, c)
+=== UNESCO's Declarations and Conventions ===
+  * [[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13179&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001)]]
+    * Offers protection for cultural diversity, including language and education thereof.
+    * Adopted unanimously at the General Conference((UNESCO. (2002). //Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity:a vision, a conceptual platform, a pool of ideas for implementation, a new paradigm//. Cultural Diversity Series (1). [[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000127162]].)). All UNESCO Members States are urged to take the appropriate measurements, facilitate the their application, and to communicate to UNESCO on the developments.
+  * [[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/convention|Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003)]]:
+    * Offers protection for: "Intangible Cultural Heritage", including language.
+    * [[http://www.unesco.org/eri/la/convention.asp?KO=17116&language=E&order=alpha|State parties who have ratified the Convention]] are expected to uphold its policies.
+=== Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)'s recommendations ===
+  * [[https://www.osce.org/hcnm/hague-recommendations|The Hague Recommendations Regarding the Education Rights of National Minorities (1996)]]
+    * Guidelines to guarantee education rights of national minorities.
+    * For the [[https://www.osce.org/participating-states|57 OSCE participating States]]
-=== ILO Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989) ===
+=== International Labour Organization (ILO)'s convention ===
-  * [[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312314|State parties who have ratified the Convention]] are expected to uphold its policies.
+  * [[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169|Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989)]]
-  * Offers protection for: "indigenous peoples".
+    * Offers protection for: "indigenous peoples", including language education.
-  * View the Convention [[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169|here]].
+    * [[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312314|23 State parties which have ratified the Convention]] are expected to uphold its policies.
-==== European Charter for Regional and Minority languages (1992) ====
-  * Set up by the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#Council of Europe|Council of Europe]]
-  * [[http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/signatures|State parties who have ratified the Charter]] are expected to uphold its policies.
-  * Offers protection for "regional or minority languages” defined as languages traditionally used within a given territory of a state by nationals of that state who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the state’s population; they are different from the official language(s) of that state, and they include neither dialects of the official language(s) of the state nor the languages of migrants.
-  * View the text of the Charter  [[http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/aboutcharter/default_en.asp|here]].
-=== How the Charter works ===
-The Charter operates similar to other convenants: it proposes measures that nations, which ratify the Charter, should take. In the Charter's case, these measures are divided into two separate sets called "Part II" and "Part III":
-  * Part II represents a set of general provisions, which apply to all minority languages within a member state's territory;
-  * Part III represents a set of additional provisions, which apply to a subselection of minority languages, that receive additional protection.
-Look [[http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/search-on-treaties/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations|here]] for an overview of which language is protected by which Part of the Charter.
-To determine whether member states uphold the policies of the Charter, a delegate from the Council of Europe visits the member states every few years and reports about their compliance.