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--- general_information:glossary_of_terms [2020/02/25 08:19] – [Council of Europe] ydwine
+++ general_information:glossary_of_terms [2023/06/06 12:27] (current) – [European Charter for Regional and Minority languages] ydwine
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 ==== Council of Europe ====
-A European wide human rights organisation with 47 European states as[[https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/47-members-states|member]]. The Council of Europe drafts conventions describing measures that members can take to protect human rights, and urges its members to ratify these conventions. It also determines whether its members comply with these conventions by sending delegates to members states every few years.
+A European wide human rights organisation with 47 European states as a [[https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/47-members-states|member]]. The Council of Europe drafts conventions describing measures that members can take to protect human rights, and urges its members to ratify these conventions. It also determines whether its members comply with these conventions by sending delegates to members states every few years.
 ==== European Charter for Regional and Minority languages ====
-Convenant drafted by the [[https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/home|Council of Europe]] offering protection for regional or minority languages. The Charter essentially is a list measures that Council members states can take to protect regional and minority languages within their territory, organised in Part II and Part III.
+Convenant drafted by the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#Council of Europe|Council of Europe]] in 1992 which offers protection for regional or minority languages. The Charter essentially is a list measures that Council members states can take to protect regional and minority languages within their territory, organised in Part II and Part III.
   * View the text of the Charter [[http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/textcharter/default_en.asp|here]].
   * For an overview of which language is protected by which Charter measurements, look [[http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/search-on-treaties/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations|here]].
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 ===Part II of the European Charter for Regional and Minority languages===
-If a minority language is mentioned under Part II of the Charter it enjoys the “basic” protection that the Charter has to offer.
+If a minority language is mentioned under Part II of the Charter, the state member shall base their policies, legislation and practice on nine framework conditions, including "the provision of appropriate forms and means for the teaching and study of regional or minority languages at all appropriate stages."
 === Part III of the European Charter for Regional and Minority languages ===
-If a minority language is mentioned under Part III of the Charter it enjoys "additional" protection: the host country of this language has committed itself to additional measures to protect this language. The country has to apply a minimum of 35 (sub-)paragraphs from Part III, including at least three (3) from Article 8 on Education.
+If a minority language is mentioned under Part III of the Charter it enjoys a stronger form of protection: the host country of this language has committed itself to additional measures, i.e. undertakings, to protect this language. Part III covers education; judicial authorities; administrative authorities and public services; media; cultural activities and facilities; economic and social life; and transfrontier exchanges. The country has to apply a minimum of 35 undertakings from Part III, including at least three (3) from Article 8 on Education.
+==== Endangered Languages Project ====
+The Endangered Languages Project is a knowledge-sharing platform for language documentation, preservation and education. It gives information on endangered languages and provides resources, as well as the opportunity for individulas to add resources. In their [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/#/4/36.800/-92.461/0/100000/0/low/high/dormant/awakening/unknown|database]] of languages they also scale the language vitality: at risk, endangered, severely endangered, dormant, awakening, or vitally unknown.
+==== Ethnologue =====
+Ethnologue is a [[https://www.ethnologue.com/|database]] with over 7000 languages, with information on: language identifcation, user population, location, language status (EGIDS level), classification, dialects, typology, language use, language development, and language resources. Since October 2019, Ethnologue has installed a strict paywall((Matacic, C. //World’s largest linguistics database is getting too expensive for some researchers.// (2020, February 10). Science. Retrieved February 25, 2020, from [[https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/world-s-largest-linguistics-database-getting-too-expensive-some-researchers]].)).
+==== Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities ====
+A treaty drafted by the [[general_information:glossary_of_terms#Council of Europe|Council of Europe]] in 1995 which offers protection for national minorities. The Framework Convention promotes equality  of  persons  belonging  to  national minorities  concerning   economic,  social,  political  and  cultural  life. It also sets conditions for national minorities to express, preserve and develop their culture and identity.
+  * View the text of the Framework Convenion [[https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016800c10cf|here]].
+  * For an overview which state members have signed and/or ratified the Framework Convetnion, look [[https://www.coe.int/en/web/minorities/etats-partie|here]]
+==== Glottolog ====
+Glottolog is a the [[https://glottolog.org/|database]] for languages with a unique identifier, the Glottocode, to represent names of languages. On the website, the Agglomerated Endangerment Scale (AES) of a language is also given (not endangered,threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or extinct).
+==== International Labour Organization ====
+International Labour Organization (ILO) is a U.N. agency with [[https://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/country.htm|187 members]] which aims to " to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men"((International Labour Organization. //About the ILO.// (n.d.). Retrieved from [[http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/lang--en/index.htm]].)). In 1989, it passed the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention.
 ==== ISO 639-3 ====
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 For Example: In the kingdom of the Netherlands, Dutch is the official (state) language. However, within the province of Fryslân, Frisian is a second official language. This means that within Fryslân, both Dutch and Frisian can be used for government, court, etc, whereas the rest of the Netherlands permits only Dutch.
+==== Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) ====
+The [[http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/Page-EN.asp?LID=Powers#|PACE]] is one of the two statutory bodies of the Council of Europe aling with teh Committee of Ministers It is amde up of 324 members, from the national partliaments of the CoE state members. The PACE oversees the execution by member states of the CoE ideals and agreements and for that purpose, the PACE can demand action, conduct probes, question state heads, observe elections, negotiate terms to join the CoE, inspire and give opinions, request legal opinions, and sanction member states.
 ==== Ratification of a treaty====
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 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is an international organisation with [[https://en.unesco.org/countries|193 member states and 11 associate members]]. It aims "to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture"((UNESCO. //UNESCO in Brief: Mission and Mandate.// (n.d.). Retrieved from [[https://en.unesco.org/about-us/introducing-unesco]].)). Since 2018, the USA is no longer a member of UNESCO.
+==== UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger ====
+The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger is a free [[http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php|online atlas]] with information on lesser used languages. The Atlas provides the name, number of speakers, degree of endangerement (vulnerable, definitely endangered, severely endangered, critically endangered, or extinct) and the state(s) where the language is spoken plus ISO codes and geographic coordinates. When possible, it also lists policies, projects and sources.
 ==== United Nations====