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--- fact_sheets:frisian_in_the_netherlands [2016/07/18 11:43] – [Status in the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages:] johanneke
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-====== Frisian in the Netherlands ======
-==== Language designations: ====
-  * In the language itself: Frysk
-  * [[fact_sheets:glossary_of_terms#ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]] standard: fry
-==== Official language status ====
-[[fact_sheets:glossary_of_terms#Official language:|Official language]] in the province of Fryslân, the Netherlands
-==== Status in the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: =====
-Aragonese is covered under [[fact_sheets:glossary_of_terms#Part III of the European Charter for Regional and Minority languages|Part III]] of the Charter
-==== Language vitality according to: ====
-^ [[http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/|UNESCO]] ^ [[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fry/|Ethnologue]] ^ [[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10425|Endangered Languages]] ^
-| Vulnerable |2 out of 10 (10 means extinct) | Vulnerable |
-===== About the Frisian Language =====
-Frisian is a West Germanic language closely related to Dutch. Until the fifteenth century Frisian was widely used in writing as well as speech in an area much larger than that of the current province, following the coastline of the present-day Netherlands and Germany. ((Frisian in the Netherlands. / Riemersma, A.M.J.; Gorter, D.; Ytsma, J. The other languages of Europe : Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives. Clevedon : Multilingual Matters, 2001. p. 103-118.)) .
-[[:regional_dossiers:dossier_frisian_in_the_netherlands#1. Introduction|Read more]] in Mercator's Regional Dossier
-===== Language Area =====
-Frisian is an autochtonous minority language spoken in large parts of Fryslân, one of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands.
-<olmap id="olMapFry" width="500px" height="400px" zoom="8" lat="53.14" lon="5.86" statusbar="1" toolbar="1" controls="1" poihoverstyle="1" baselyr="google sat" kmlfile="fact_sheets:frisian.kml" summary="The Property Boundaries">
-</olmap>
-===== Demographics =====
-  * In 2015, ~ 67% of the 646.000 inhabitants of Frisia speak Frisian (reasonably) well.
-  * ~ 94% understands Frisian.
-  * ~ 15% writes the language well
-Writing skills seem to have improved somewhat in the last few years((Fryske taalatlas 2015, [[http://www.fryslan.frl/|provinsje fryslân]])).
-=== Percentage of Frisians that speak the Frisian language in different age classes: ===
-{{:age_distribution_frisian.png?direct&300}}source:((Fryske taalatlas 2015, [[http://www.fryslan.frl/|provinsje fryslân]]))
-=== Percentage of students that speak Frisian at home ===
-{{:fact_sheets:frisian_speaking_students.jpg?nolink|}}
-----
-====== Frisian education in the Netherlands ======
-===== 0-3 Years old: preschool education =====
-==== Legislation ====
-Dutch law states that group leaders are free to use Frisian.
-==== Teacher training ====
-  * [[http://www.sfbo.nl/nederlands/oer_sfbo.php|Sintrim Frysktalige Berneopvang]] (Frisian Childcare center) offers assistance to group leaders that wish to give Frisian a more prominent role….
-==== Educational materials ====
-  * [[http://www.tomke.nl/|The Tomke project]], started by [[http://afuk.frl/|Afûk]] in 1997 to stimulate Frisian language development in preschoolers. Tomke is a small Frisian boy that appears in tv adventures, books and a website.
-  *  [[https://itunes.apple.com/nl/app/lytskes/id876321717?mt=8/|Lytskes]], iPad app by  [[http://afuk.frl/|Afûk]].
-  * [[http://www.tomke.nl/alders/nijs-en-aktiviteiten/nije-app-hantsjes-yn-e-hichte-berneferskes-app-friese-kinderliedjes-app|Hantsjes yn 'e hichte]], iPad app by [[http://afuk.frl/|Afûk]].
-==== Practice ====
-Frisian is used mainly in individual contacts with children or parents. When reading or singing Dutch is used much more often.
-==== Read more ====
-[[:regional_dossiers:dossier_frisian_in_the_netherlands#2. Pre-school education|in Mercator's Regional Dossier]]
-----
-===== 4-12 years old: primary education =====
-==== Legislation ====
-Dutch law states that, in primary education in the province of Fryslân, Frisian is an obligatory subject. It may be used as a medium of instruction. Schools may receive exemption from this law, and a few have.
-=== Trilingual education ===
-To improve Frisian language education in primary school, an experiment, set up by the [[https://www.fryske-akademy.nl/|Fryske Akademy]], started in 1997 with trilingual education: seven primary schools committed themselves to use Frisian and English also as mediums of instruction: Frisian in all eight grades, English only in the last two. The experiment was successful and in 2010 the number of trilingual schools counted 38.
-==== Teacher training ====
-Teachers for primary education are trained at the [[https://stenden.com/|Stenden Hogeschool]] and the [[https://www.nhl.nl/|NHL]]. A Frisian language course is part of the curriculum.
-==== Educational materials ====
-  * [[http://www.studiof.nl/|Studio F]]: a Frisian language teaching method. Their digital learning environment can be viewed online.
-  * [[http://www.skoal.tv/|Frisian School TV]]
-  * [[http://www.cito.nl/onderwijs/primair%20onderwijs/cito_volgsysteem_po/alle_producten/begrijpend_lezen_fries|Begripend lêzen Frysk]]: CITO examination to test Frisian reading skills in the highest grade of primary education.
-==== In practice ====
-=== Regard for the minority language in class ===
-  * In 2009, The subject Frisian was given for about 45 minutes per week (N=422).((Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2010)[[http://www.onderwijsinspectie.nl/binaries/content/assets/publicaties/2010/tussen-wens-en-werkelijkheid-printversie.pdf/staat-van-fryslan/cultuur-taal-onderwijs/|Tussen wens en werkelijkheid]]))
-  * 15 to 20% of primary schools use Frisian regularly as a medium of instruction.
-  * 6% Of primary schools do not offer Frisian lessons at all.(([[http://informatiedossier-fryslan.nl/staat-van-fryslan/cultuur-taal-onderwijs/|Informatiedossier Friesland]])).
-=== Teacher skills ===
-  * 20% of the teachers is not qualified to teach Frisian. Of 28% the qualification is unknown.((Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2010)[[http://www.onderwijsinspectie.nl/binaries/content/assets/publicaties/2010/tussen-wens-en-werkelijkheid-printversie.pdf/staat-van-fryslan/cultuur-taal-onderwijs/|Tussen wens en werkelijkheid]]))
-  * 85% of the primary school teachers claim to speak Frisian well
-  * 69% claims to write it well.
-=== Student accomplishments ===
-{{:fact_sheets:language_goals_chart.jpg?nolink|}}
-==== Read more ====
-[[:regional_dossiers:dossier_frisian_in_the_netherlands#3. Primary education|in Mercator's Regional Dossier]]
-----
-===== 12-16/18 years old: secondary education =====
-==== Legislation ====
-Since 1993, the Dutch law on secondary education prescribes that Frisian is an obligatory subject in the two lowest grades. However, since 2006, the provincial government may grant schools exemption from this rule.
-==== Teacher training ====
-  * The [[https://www.nhl.nl/|NHL]] and [[http://www.rug.nl/|University of Groningen]] train Frisian language teachers.
-==== Educational materials ====
-  * [[https://itunes.apple.com/nl/app/searje-36/id933212962?mt=8|Searje 36]]: digital learning method to learn Frisian in the first year of secondary education.
-  * [[http://www.linkk.tv/|Linkk]]: Frisian magazine and television.
-==== In practice ====
-=== Attention for minority language in class ===
-In 2009 about 27% of secondary schools offered Frisian lessons.((Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2010)[[http://www.onderwijsinspectie.nl/binaries/content/assets/publicaties/2010/tussen-wens-en-werkelijkheid-printversie.pdf/staat-van-fryslan/cultuur-taal-onderwijs/|Tussen wens en werkelijkheid]]))
-=== Teacher skills ===
-An estimated 40% of the Frisian teachers is unqualified.((Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2010)[[http://www.onderwijsinspectie.nl/binaries/content/assets/publicaties/2010/tussen-wens-en-werkelijkheid-printversie.pdf/staat-van-fryslan/cultuur-taal-onderwijs/|Tussen wens en werkelijkheid]]))
-==== Read more ====
-[[:regional_dossiers:dossier_frisian_in_the_netherlands#4. Secondary education|in Mercator's Regional Dossier]]
-----
-===== Adult education =====
-  * Frisian language courses for adults are organised by the [[http://afuk.frl/|Afûk]].
-  * The two-year bachelor [[http://www.rug.nl/bachelors/minorities-multilingualism/|Minorities and Multilingualism]] offers optional courses that focus on Frisian.
-==== Read more ====
-[[:regional_dossiers:dossier_frisian_in_the_netherlands#7. Adult education|in Mercator's Regional Dossier]]
-----
-===== Evaluation of language education =====
-The [[http://www.onderwijsinspectie.nl/english|inspectorate]] (Inspectie van het Onderwijs) inspects Frisian primary and secondary language education every few years.
-----
-===== Educational resources =====
-  * [[http://taalweb.frl/|Taalweb Frysk]], developed by the [[http://www.fryske-akademy.nl/|Fryske Akademy]]: tools for writing Frisian.
-  * [[http://www.praatmarfrysk.nl/|Praat mar Frysk]], campaign set up by the [[http://afuk.frl/|Afûk]] to promote the Frisian language.
-  * [[https://www.tresoar.nl/|Tresoar]], Frisian historic and linguistic centre.
-  * [[https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haadside|Frisian Wikipedia]].
-  * [[http://www.omropfryslan.nl/|Omrop Fryslân]], Frisian broadcasting service.
-  * [[http://heitenmem.nl/|Heit & Mem]], Frisian magazine for parents.
-  * [[http://www.11en30.nu/|Kanon fan de Fryske Skiednis]], Canon of the history of Frisia.
-  * [[http://www.sintrummeartaligens.nl/drietalige-school.html#watis3ts|Sintrim meertaligens]] (Center for multilingualism)
-  * [[http://www.frysk.nl/index.php/thus.html|Frysk.nl]], guide for Frisian at school
-  * [[http://www.itfryskeberneboek.nl/|It Fryske berneboek]] (The Frisian children's book)
-===== General resources =====
-  * Sociolinguistic bibliography at Glottolog: [[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2354|west2354]]
-  * Frisian record at [[http://www.language-archives.org/language/fry|Olac]]
-  * [[http://www.fryskebeweging.frl/|Frisian Language Movement]]