Table of Contents
Sorbian in Germany
Language designations:
Lower Sorbian:
- In the language itself: Dolnoserbski
- ISO 639-3 standard: dsb
Upper Sorbian:
- In the language itself: Hornjoserbšćina
- ISO 639-3 standard: hsb
Language vitality according to:
| UNESCO | Ethnologue | Endangered Languages | Glottolog | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower Sorbian |  |  | | |
| Upper Sorbian | | |  | |
Linguistic aspects:
Language standardization:
Demographics
Language area
Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbska rěc or Wendish) and Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbska rěč) are western Slavonic languages spoken in Lower Lusatia (located in the German state Land of Brandenburg) and Upper Lusatia (located in the German state Free State of Saxony). In central parts of Upper Lusatia there are still villages where Upper Sorbian is the first language and the family language of all generations. In Lower Lusatia the language is rarely passed on to to the next generation.
operating instructions
Various functions are available as part of the map.
mouse/touch operation
- moving by grabbing the map with a mouse-click you can move the map around
- overview map using the < button in the bottom right of the map you can expand an overview map
- zooming in and out using the + and - buttons in the top left of the map you can obtain more or less detail in the map
- switching themes or maps clicking on the ≡ icon on the right-hand side of the map you can view and select available maps and themes
- retrieving information the map may contain elements that contain more information, by clicking these a popup will show this information
- fullscreen display using the ⛶ button the map can be maximized to fullscreen display, use the ▢ button to return to page display.
keyboard operation
Keyboard operation becomes available after activating the map using the tab key (the map will show a focus indicator ring).
- moving using the arrow keys you can move the map
- overview map using the + button in the bottom right of the map you can expand an overview map
- zooming in and out using the + and - buttons in the top left of the map or by using the + and - keys you can obtain more or less detail in the map
- switching themes or maps clicking on the ≡ icon on the right-hand side of the map you can view and select available maps and themes
- retrieving information the map may contain elements that contain more information, using the i key you can activate a cursor that may be moved using the arrow keys, pressing the enter will execute an information retrieval. press the i or the escape key to return to navigation mode
- fullscreen display using the ⛶ button the map can be maximized to fullscreen display, use the ▢ button to return to page display.
It's possible that some of the functions or buttons describe above have been disabled by the page author or the administrator
| id | symbol | latitude | longitude | description |
|---|
Speaker number
Language and education legislation:
History of language education:
Sorbian education has varied with changing regimes: 1).
Before 1945:
- Limited opportunites for Sorbian education
After WWII:
- Establishment of bilingual programmes from nursery schools to university.
- Sorbian training college opened in Radibor in 1946 (later moved to Bautzen).
- Sorbian schools made possible by 1948 law.
After 1950/during DDR:
- Two types of schools established
- A-type: Sorbian language as a medium of instruction
- B-type: Sorbian language as foreign language
- In 1955, there were 11 A-type schools and 94 B-type schools.
- In 1962, Sorbian placed in inferior position by DDR-directive: not allowed as medium of instruction for chemistry, mathematics, physics and citizenship education
- In 1964, Sorbian became voluntary subject
- Sorbian marked as foreign language in school
- In 1980s, there were around 7 A-type schools and 80 B-type schools.
In 2020 there are 16 type A schools in Saxony 2) and 7 A-type schools in Brandenburg3) covering primary, secundary and Gymnasium level.
European legislation:
- Download the latest Council of Europe report (2018) of Germany
National legislation
- Sorbian is not an official language in Germany: the only official language in Germany is German5).
- The Sorbian minority is recognised as one of the four autochthonous national minorities in Germany6).
- The Sorbian language is recognised as one of the five autochthonous and regional languages in Germany7).
Regional legislation
Within the Free State of Saxony, Sorbian is recognised and protected in:
- Saxon Constitution in Section 1, Article 6 (May 1992)
- Law on the rights of Sorbs in the Free State of Saxony in (March 1999)
- Saxon Education Act in Section 1, Article 1.2 (Sept 2018)
Within the State of Brandenburg, Sorbian is recognised and protected in:
- Constitution of the state of Brandeburg in Section 4, article 25 (June 1992)
- Brandenburg Education Act (July 2000)
Educational legislation:
0-3 Years old: preschool education
Saxony: the State provides Sorbian groups with additional financial support for staff and education materials.
Brandenburg: daycare centres are obliged to teach about Sorbian language and culture. They receive financial support from the Foundation for Sorbian People. The Federal State is obliged to support Sorbian education of the group leaders and to provide pedagogical materials.
5-10 or 12 years old: primary education
Saxony: the Sorbian language may be used as a language of instruction, and taught as a subject. Basic knowledge about the history and culture of the Sorbs has to be taught at school 8).
Brandenburg: schools are obliged to inform parents about the possibilities to learn Sorbian. Basic knowledge about the history and culture of the Sorbs has to be taught at schools 9).
12-16/18 years old: secondary education
Saxony: the Sorbian language may be used as a language of instruction, and taught as a subject. Basic knowledge about the history and culture of the Sorbs has to be taught at school 10).
Brandenburg: schools are obliged to inform parents about the possibilities to learn Sorbian. Basic knowledge about the history and culture of the Sorbs has to be taught at schools 11).
Institutional support for education of the language
In the Free state of Saxony:
- The Regulation of the Saxon State Ministry of Education on the First State Examination for teaching at schools in the Free State of Saxony of 2012 defines the content of Sorbian studies in part 2, section 2.38
- External evaluation of Sorbian language education is carried out by the Saxon Education Institute.
In the state of Brandenburg:
- Sorbian/Wendish is classified as a foreign language and the curriculum is based on this.
Education in practice
Especially Lower Sorbian dialects are vanishing due to the learning of the standard language in school.12).
Learning resources and educational institutions
- The Institut za Sorabistiku, university of Leipzig offers a bachelor and a master in Sorbian Studies.
- Educational materials are developed by:
online resources:
- Soblex German-Upper Sorbian / Upper Sorbian-German dictionary and inflection tables
- Dolnoserbski: dictionaries, corpora and other resources for Lower Sorbian
- Hornjoserbsce German-Upper Sorbian dictionary
- Sotra automatic translator between Upper Sorbian, Lower Sorbian and German
- Sorbisch Lernen: Both Upper and Lower Sorbian online course at A1 and A2 level (German and English as base languages) and for level B1 (Sorbian)
- Krok po kroku - Upper Sorbian intermediate grammar online course
- Kšac pó kšacu Lower Sorbian intermediate grammar online course
- Sorbische Wendische Sprachschule: website of the Lower Sorbian School of Language and Culture
Different methods are available for teaching Sorbian as a first language, and as a foreign language.
Teacher training
- Training in Sorbian for pre-school group leaders is provided:
- In Upper and Lower Lusatia by the WITAJ Language Centre;
- In Lower Lusatia by the School for Lower Sorbian Language and Culture;
- In Upper Lusatia by the Serbske kubłanske srjedźišćo LIPA (Sorbian Family and Education Centre “LIPA” registered association).
- Serbski Muzej, Sorbian museum with many educational activities.
- In primary education in Lower Lusatia, Arbeitsstelle Bildungsentwicklung Cottbus is responsible for training teachers in the Sorbian language.
- The Institut za Sorabistiku trains Sorbian language teachers for secondary education.
Mercator's Regional Dossier
Read more about Sorbian language education in Mercator's Regional Dossier (2016).
1)
Brĕzan, B. and M. Nowak. (2016) Sorbian in Germany, 2nd editionMercator's Regional Dossier
2)
Sächsische Staatskanzlei. (n.d.).Sorbische Schulen in Sachsen Retrieved February 19, 2020, from https://www.schule.sachsen.de/166.htm.
3)
Bildungserver Berlin-Brandenburg. (n.d.). Brandenburgische Schulen mit bilingualem Unterricht Sorbisch/Wendisch. Retrieved February 19, 2020, from https://bildungsserver.berlin-brandenburg.de/unterricht/faecher/bilingualer-unterricht/brandenburgische-schulen-mit-bilingualem-unterricht-sorbischwendisch.
4)
CoE. (2018, January 1). States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languagesand their regional or minority languages. Retrieved 19 February, 2020, from https://rm.coe.int/states-parties-to-the-european-charter-for-regional-or-minority-langua/168077098c.
5)
, 7)
Adler, A. and R. Beyer. (2018). Languages and language policies in Germany / Sprachen und Sprachenpolitik in Deutschland. National language institutions and national languages. Contributions to the EFNIL Conference 2017 in Mannheim. Budapest: Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved February 19, 2020, from http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/mannheim-2017/EFNIL-Mannheim-27-Adler-Beyer.pdf.
6)
Minderheitensekretariat. (n.d.). Wen vertreten wir? Retrieved February 19, 2020, from https://www.minderheitensekretariat.de/wen-vertreten-wir/uebersicht-und-selbstverstaendnis/.
8)
, 10)
Saechsisches-Schulgeset, Paragraph 2 (2004). https://www.revosax.sachsen.de/vorschrift/4192-Saechsisches-Schulgesetz#p4a
9)
, 11)
Sorbian / Wendish Schulverordnung (2000). https://bravors.brandenburg.de/verordnungen/swschulv_2000
12)
Brĕzan, B. and M. Nowak. (2016). The Sorbian Language in Education in Germany, 2nd Edition. Retrieved February 19, 2020, from https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/sorbian_in_germany_2nd.pdf.